The climate emergency and the global race toward decarbonization have made the energy transition a central issue on political, economic, and social agendas. However, this transition is not neutral: it mobilizes disputes over territories, resources, and rights, reshaping the relationships between States, transnational corporations, and peoples historically affected by extractive projects.

The challenge is to build a just energy transition that does not reproduce colonial logics of exploitation or deepen socio-environmental inequalities. To achieve this, it is essential to value popular resistance, the leadership of Indigenous peoples, quilombola communities, peasants, traditional communities, and social movements, while also debating mechanisms to hold transnational corporations accountable, as they often benefit from “green” expansion without remedying human rights violations.