Stakeholder Coalition: Transitioning to Inclusive Tourism Business Practices and Its Effects on the Community
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14579358Keywords:
Inclusive Growth, Sustainable Business Framework, Stakeholder Alliance, Business linkages, Revenue sharing, Value Chain developmentAbstract
The integrated travel industry requires an inclusive business strategy to achieve sustainable growth aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This paper assesses the extent of inclusive business practices within Kerala's tourism sector, known as God’s Own Country. It examines how revenue sharing and benefit sharing contribute to creating an ideal inclusive tourism model. The study addresses the gap through a mixed-methods approach, combining a qualitative analysis of five case studies involving tourism stakeholders and a quantitative survey. After validating the survey instrument, data were collected from resorts, hotels, and tour operators. The analysis focused on perceptions of tourism professionals in the hospitality sector, highlighting the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration and the development of meaningful partnerships in building an ideal tourism destination. This research contributes to the literature by developing a tool to measure inclusive tourism practices. It concludes that proactive, inclusive business policies can enhance the livelihoods of local communities and small enterprises.
Keywords: Inclusive Growth; Sustainable Business; Stakeholder Alliance; Business linkages; Revenue sharing; Value Chain development.
Downloads
References
Abdelhady, M., & Ameen, F. (2022). The Socio-Economic Implications of the Sharing Economy in Tourism. Journal of Tourismology, 8(2), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2022.8.2.1104727
Adiyia, B., Stoffelen, A., Jennes, B., Vanneste, D., & Ahebwa, W. M. (2015). Analyzing governance in tourism value chains to reshape the tourist bubble in developing countries: The case of cultural tourism in Uganda. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(2–3), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1027211
Aguilar, M. G., & Domasian, R. B. (2023). Ecotourism perception and engagement classification among residents of a nature city in the Philippines. Journal of Tourismology, 9(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2023.9.1.1214643
Ahebwa, W. M., van der Duim, R., & Sandbrook, C. (2012). Tourism revenue sharing policy at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: A policy arrangements approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 377–394.
Ahebwa, W. M., Van der Duim, V. R., & Nyakaana, J. B. (2008). Tourism, communities and conservation: An analysis of the tourism revenue sharing programme at Lake Mauro conservation area in Uganda. In Atlas Africa Conference “Tourism and Wealth Creation”, Kampala, Uganda (pp. 15–26). Atlas.
Beattie, V., & Smith, S. J. (2013). Value creation and business models: Refocusing the intellectual capital debate. The British Accounting Review, 45(4), 243–254.
Beeton, S. (2006). Community development through tourism (pp. 93–95). Landlinks Press.
Bhatia, A., Singh, K., & Naik, V. (2024). Effective exchange rate volatility and its effect on tourism demand in India: A cointegration analysis. Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos.
Boluk, K. A., Cavaliere, C. T., & Duffy, L. N. (2019). A pedagogical framework for the development of the critical tourism citizen. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 865–881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1615928
Bramwell, B., Lane, B., McCabe, S., Mosedale, J., & Scarles, C. (2008). Research perspectives on responsible tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), 253–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966958080
Butler, G., & Rogerson, C. M. (2016). Inclusive local tourism development in South Africa: Evidence from Dullstroom. Local Economy, 31(1–2), 264–281.
Cakmak, E., & Isaac, R. K. (2012). What destination marketers can learn from their visitors’ blogs: An image analysis of Bethlehem, Palestine. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1–2), 124–133.
Cardoso, A. C. M., & Oliveira, M. C. B. (2020). A e-economia e suas empresas-plataforma: modus operandi e precarização do mercado de trabalho no setor de turismo. Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos, 10(1, 2 e 3).
Çetin, G., Kızılırmak, İ., & Balık, M. (2017). The superior destination experience. Journal of Tourismology, 3(2), 33–37.
Chamberlain, W. O., & Anseeuw, W. (2019). Inclusiveness revisited: Assessing inclusive businesses in South African agriculture. Development Southern Africa, 36(5), 600–615.
Choy, D. J. (1995). The quality of tourism employment. Tourism Management, 16(2), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(94)00023-4
Cooper, C., Scott, N., & Baggio, R. (2009). Network position and perceptions of destination stakeholder importance. An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20(1), 33–45.
D’Angella, F., & Go, F. M. (2009). Tale of two cities’ collaborative tourism marketing: Towards a theory of destination stakeholder assessment. Tourism Management, 30(3), 429–440.
Dacin, P. A., Dacin, M. T., & Matear, M. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: Why we don't need a new theory and how we move forward from here. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(3), 37–57.
Dolezal, C., & Burns, P. M. (2015). ABCD to CBT: Asset-based community development’s potential for community-based tourism. Development in Practice, 25(1), 133–142.
Edensor, T. (2015). The gloomy city: Rethinking the relationship between light and dark. Urban Studies, 24, 422–438.
Erkılıç, E., & Aydın, E. (2022). Investigation of the effect of perceived organizational support on organizational alienation and trust in managers: An application in Rize. Journal of Tourismology, 8(2), 185–214. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2022.8.2.1109454
Espino-Rodríguez, T. F., & Ramírez-Fierro, J. C. (2018). Managers’ attitudes toward hotel outsourcing in a tourist destination. An approach from the benefits and risks perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.10.003
Ghosh, B. (2020). Kerala News: Kerala’s remittance rush may be over for good. The Economic Times E-Paper. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/forex-and-remittance/view-keralas-remittance-rush-may-be-over-for-good/printarticle/76826829.cms
Gillovic, B., & McIntosh, A. (2015). Stakeholder perspectives of the future of accessible tourism in New Zealand. Journal of Tourism Futures, 1(3), 223–239.
Goodwin, H. (2009). Reflections on 10 years of pro-poor tourism. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1(1), 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407960802703565
Hair Jr, J. F., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). A global perspective. Kennesaw: Kennesaw State University.
Hall, C. M. (2019). Constructing sustainable tourism development: The 2030 agenda and the managerial ecology of sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 1044–1060.
Haukeland, J. V. (2011). Tourism stakeholders’ perceptions of national park management in Norway. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(2), 133–153.
Hawkins, R., & Bohdanowicz, P. (2011). Responsible hospitality: Theory and practice. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers Limited.
IANS. (n.d.). Kerala hit hard by drop in remittances as 1.2 mn workers return: World Bank | Business Standard News. Business Standard. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kerala-hit-hard-by-drop-in-remittances-as-1-2-mn-workers-return-world-bank-121051400140_1.html
India Today Insight News. (n.d.). Covid-19: Kerala tourism sector hit hard by the pandemic. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/covid-19-kerala-tourism-sector-hit-hard-by-the-pandemic-1812843-2021-06-09
Kallungal, D. (2021). In 8 years, migrant workers will equal one-sixth of Kerala’s population. The New Indian Express. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/dec/29/in-8-years-migrant-workers-will-equal-one-sixth-of-keralas-population-2400694.html
Kirsten, M., & Rogerson, C. M. (2002). Tourism, business linkages and small enterprise development in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 19(1), 29–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/03768350220123882
Kodaş, D., Arıca, R., Kafa, N., & Duman, F. (2022). Relationships between perceptions of residents toward tourism development, benefits derived from tourism and support to tourism. Journal of Tourismology, 8(2), 255–280. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2022.8.2.1075196
Kronenberg, K., & Fuchs, M. (2021). Aligning tourism’s socio-economic impact with the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Tourism Management Perspectives, 39, 100831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100831
Kuhlmann, A. (2020, April 16). How IT outsourcing can support the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Seventeen Goals Magazin. https://www.codeofafrica.com/EN/blog/17-SDGs
Ladkin, A., & Bertramini, A. M. (2002). Collaborative tourism planning: A case study of Cusco, Peru. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(2), 71–93.
Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2009). Entrepreneurship in and around institutional voids: A case study from Bangladesh. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 419–435.
Mair, J., Battilana, J., & Cardenas, J. (2012). Organising for society: A typology of social entrepreneuring models. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(3), 353–373.
Manomaivibool, P. (2015). Wasteful tourism in developing economy? A present situation and sustainable scenarios. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 103, 69–76.
Maracajá, K. F. B., & Monticelli, J. M. (2024). Análise da cooperação entre empreendimentos turísticos no Engenho Triunfo: uma abordagem utilizando o método AHP. Turismo: Visão e Ação, 26, e20101.
March, R., & Wilkinson, I. (2009). Conceptual tools for evaluating tourism partnerships. Tourism Management, 30(3), 455–462.
McCabe, S., & Diekmann, A. (2015). The rights to tourism: Reflections on social tourism and human rights. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(2), 194–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1049022
Michopoulou, E., Darcy, S., Ambrose, I., & Buhalis, D. (2015). Accessible tourism futures: The world we dream to live in and the opportunities we hope to have. Journal of Tourism Futures, 1(3), 179–188.
Mignano, K. G., & Ishikawa, E. (2014). Shared prosperity through inclusive business: How successful companies reach the base of the pyramid. International Finance Corporation.
Morgan, N., Pritchard, A., & Sedgley, D. (2015). Social tourism and wellbeing in later life. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.02.015
Nahi, T. (2018). Co‐creation for sustainable development: The bounds of NGO contributions to inclusive business. Business Strategy & Development, 1(2), 88–102.
Nor, N. S. M., Yip, C. W., Ibrahim, N., Jaafar, M. H., Rashid, Z. Z., Mustafa, N., Hamid, H. H. A., Chandru, K., Latif, M. T., Saw, P. E., Lin, C. Y., Alhasa, K. M., Hashim, J. H., & Nadzir, M. S. M. (2021). Particulate matter (PM2.5) as a potential SARS-CoV-2 carrier. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81935-9
Nunkoo, R., Smith, S. L., & Ramkissoon, H. (2013). Residents’ attitudes to tourism: A longitudinal study of 140 articles from 1984 to 2010. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(1), 5–25.
O’Neill, M., & Knight, J. (2000). Disability tourism dollars in Western Australia hotels. Hospitality Review, 18(2), 7.
Oliver, M., & Barnes, C. (2012). Back to the future: The World Report on Disability. Disability & Society, 27(4), 575–579.
Oommen, G. Z. (2016). Gulf Migration, Social Remittances and Religion: The Changing Dynamics of Kerala Christians. 1–43. http://mea.gov.in/images/pdf/GulfMigrationSocialRemittancesandReligion.pdf
Pingeot, L. (2014). Corporate influence in the post-2015 process (Working Paper). Misereor, Brot fur die Welt, Global Policy Forum. http://www19.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2014/13575.pdf
Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). The big idea: Creating shared value. Harvard Business Review, 89(1), 2.
Prahalad, C. K. (2004). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid. Wharton School Publishing.
Qian, C., Sasaki, N., Jourdain, D., Kim, S. M., & Shivakoti, P. G. (2017). Local livelihood under different governances of tourism development in China: A case study of Huangshan mountain area. Tourism Management, 61, 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.01.006
Ramaano, A. I. (2022). Musina Municipality tourism management and strategies: A sustainable-eco-tourism inclusive business insights for the town, abutting peri-urban and countryside existences. Management of Environmental Quality, 33(3), 718–738. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-11-2021-0257
Regina Scheyvens & Robin Biddulph (2017). Inclusive tourism development. Tourism Geographies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1381985
Rios, D. A., & de Oliveira, M. A. S. A. (2022). O turismo nos processos de intervenções urbanas: o caso da Pequena África (RJ). Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos.
Rosato, P. F., Caputo, A., Valente, D., & Pizzi, S. (2021). 2030 Agenda and sustainable business models in tourism: A bibliometric analysis. Ecological Indicators, 121, 106978.
Salazar, N. B. (2012). Community-based cultural tourism: Issues, threats and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.596279
Sandbrook, C., & Adams, W. M. (2012). Accessing the impenetrable: The nature and distribution of tourism benefits at a Ugandan National Park. Society & Natural Resources, 25(9), 915–932.
Santos, C. F. S. D., & Moreira, S. M. (2024). Explorando os fatores críticos de sucesso que afetam a visitação em Unidades de Conservação Estaduais em Minas Gerais. Turismo: Visão e Ação, 26, e19558.
Sari, D. B., & Yüzbaşioğlu, N. (2024). Productivity in professional tourist guides: A scale development study with mixed-methods sequential exploratory design. Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos.
Sastre, R., de Paula, I., Zeni, C. F., & Echeveste, M. (n.d.). Um modelo de referência para o projeto de embalagens ambientalmente sustentáveis com ênfase no ciclo de vida e suporte teórico: Radar da embalagem. [Manuscript in progress].
Scheyvens, R. (2002). Backpacker tourism and third-world development. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 144–164.
Scheyvens, R., & Hughes, E. (2019). Can tourism help to “end poverty in all its forms everywhere”? The challenge of tourism addressing SDG1. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 1061–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1551404
Schoneveld, G. C. (2020). Sustainable business models for inclusive growth: Towards a conceptual foundation of inclusive business. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 124062.
Spenceley, A., & Meyer, D. (2012). Tourism and poverty reduction?: Theory and practice in less economically developed countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 297–317.
Sriarkarin, S., & Lee, C.-H. (2018). Integrating multiple attributes for sustainable development in a national park. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.08.007
Telfer, D. J., & Wall, G. (2000). Strengthening backward economic linkages: Local food purchasing by three Indonesian hotels. Tourism Geographies, 2(4), 421–447.
Telles, D. H. Q., & Pinotti, L. C. A. (2024). Participative governance quality over marine spaces: Challenges for estuarine socioecological resilience at the Paranaguá Bay Zone. Ocean and Coastal Research, 72(Suppl 1), e24040.
Teyin, G. (2024). Evaluation of the gastronomy tourism potential of Beykoz district by SWOT analysis. Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos.
Topuz Cerrah, N., & Armatlı Köroğlu, B. (2023). Firm size and factors of competitiveness in micro tourism clusters: Ürgüp case. Journal of Tourismology, 9(1), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2023.9.1.1330899
Torres, R. (2002). Toward a better understanding of tourism and agriculture linkages in the Yucatan: Tourist food consumption and preferences. Tourism Geographies, 4(3), 282–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680210147436
United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. (2012). The future we want. Rio de Janeiro: Brazil, 20–22 June. Retrieved from http://www.uncsd2012.org/thefuturewewant.html
Van Tulder, R., & Da Rosa, A. (2014). Multinationals and Small-and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs): A linkages perspective on inclusive development strategies. In International Business and Sustainable Development (Vol. 8, pp. 203–227). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Wakil, M. A., Sun, Y., & Chan, E. H. W. (2021). Co-flourishing: Intertwining community resilience and tourism development in destination communities. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38(June 2020), 100803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100803
Waligo, V. M., Clarke, J., & Hawkins, R. (2013). Implementing sustainable tourism: A multi-stakeholder involvement management framework. Tourism Management, 36, 342–353.
Wilson, R. A. (1996). Human rights, culture and context: Anthropological perspectives.
Yang, B., & Mattila, A. S. (2020). How rational thinking style affects sales promotion effectiveness. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 84, 102335
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content, following the principle that providing free scientific knowledge to the public provides greater democratization of world knowledge.
Authors must agree to the following terms relating to copyrights:
(a) Authors keep all copyright and grant the to the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License that allowing job sharing with recognition of authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
(b) Authors are allowed to assume additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (e.g. publish in institutional repository or book chapter), with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this magazine.
(c) Authors are allowed and are encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on your personal page) since they do not do this before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive interchange, as well as increase the impact and citation of work aired. (See Effect of Free Access).









