An Unjust Energy Transition Model: The Case Of Wind Farms In Serra Do Mel

Abstract

This study examines whether the energy transition model implemented by the French multinational Voltalia S/A in the municipality of Serra do Mel, State of Rio Grande do Norte, represents an unjust transition due to human rights violations and socio-environmental harms. The main objective is to demonstrate that wind energy expansion, despite contributing to Brazil’s renewable electricity matrix, was carried out without adequate cumulative environmental assessment and without meaningful community participation. The methodology combines documentary analysis, review of public databases (SISAB, CadÚnico, RAIS, municipal revenue data), legal and contractual examination, and comparative analysis between municipalities. The theoretical framework draws on business and human rights principles, the concept of a just energy transition, and standards of responsible business conduct. Findings indicate artificial project fragmentation to avoid comprehensive EIA/RIMA procedures, abusive land-use contracts, health impacts associated with turbine proximity, environmental degradation, decline in agricultural production, and limited long-term job creation, notwithstanding increased municipal tax revenues. The study concludes that the current model prioritizes fiscal incentives and energy markets over the dignity and well-being of affected communities, calling for contractual revision, corrective environmental assessment, and comprehensive reparation measures.