Analysis of Cappadocia Rock-Carved Hotel Experience in Terms of Demographic Variables

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17575568

Keywords:

Experiential Value, Cave Hotels, Cappadocia, , Demographic Characteristic

Abstract

The locations within the Cappadocia Region, some of which were used by past civilizations, have been preserved to the present day and converted into distinctive accommodation facilities following a series of renovation projects. These facilities, designated as rock-carved hotels, are intended to prevent the trivialization of experiences and facilitate tourists' access to distinctive geographical, historical, cultural and architectural experiences. The objective of this study is to ascertain whether the experiences of domestic and foreign tourists staying in rock-carved hotels in the Cappadocia Region differ by their demographic characteristics. A total of 465 domestic and foreign tourists were surveyed for this study using the judgmental sampling method. The data obtained from the study were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS. The T-test and ANOVA were employed to determine whether experiential value differed by demographic characteristics. The analysis indicated that tourists' experiences of rock-carved hotels are influenced by their demographic characteristics. The findings align with and contribute to the broader literature on experiential Tourism, particularly this study also highlights areas where experiential value theory can be further refined. The findings reinforce the importance of customization in service delivery.

Keywords: Experiential Value; Cave Hotels; Cappadocia; Demographic Characteristic.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Sibel Özdemir, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi (Turkey)

* (Corresponding author). Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Türkiye. PhD in Tourism Management from Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University (2022). Master’s degree in Tourism Management from Necmettin Erbakan University (2016) and Bachelor’s degree in Tourism and Hotel Management from Selçuk University (2014). Currently serving as a Lecturer at Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Devrek Vocational School, Department of Hotel, Restaurant and Catering Services. Previously worked as a Lecturer at Yozgat Bozok University (2017-2024). Her doctoral dissertation focused on "Determining the relationships between experiential value, satisfaction and behavioral intention: The case of Cappadocia Rock Hotels." Her research interests include Tourism Marketing, Gastronomy, and Culinary Arts. Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Devrek Vocational School, Department of Hotel, Restaurant and Catering Services, Tourism and Hotel Management Program. Devrek, Zonguldak, Türkiye. Cv: https://dvys.beun.edu.tr/pbs/sibel.ozdemir?lang=tr, OCIRD:   https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-0823 E-posta: sibel.ozdemir@beun.edu.tr

Ebru Güneren, Faculty of Tourism, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University (Turkey)

She graduated from Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration (1991). She received her master's degree from Hacettepe University, Department of Business Administration (1996) and her doctorate degree from Hacettepe University, Department of Business Administration (2004). She started working as a Lecturer at Başkent University (1996-2002). Later, she worked as a Lecturer at the Cyprus International University (2004-2007). Subsequently, she worked as an Assistant Professor at the same university (2007-2013). She then continued her professional life as an Assistant Professor at Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University (2013). She received her Associate Professorship in the field of marketing (2016). Currently, she teaches undergraduate courses at the Faculty of Tourism and graduate courses at the Institute of Tourism Research at Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University. Her main areas of research are tourism marketing, entrepreneurship, and consumer behavior. Cv: https://biz.nevsehir.edu.tr/ebruguneren/en, OCIRD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2669-4402, E-posta: ebruguneren@nevsehir.edu.tr

References

Akbulut, O., Çelik, T., Ekin, Y., & Çelik Yetim, A. (2024). A research on Fethiye Babadag commercial tandem paragliding participants within the scope of experiential tourism. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 47, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2024.100806

Ali, F., Ryu, K., & Hussain, K. (2016). Influence of experiences on memories, satisfaction and behavioral intentions: A study of creative tourism. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 33, 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1038418

Atay, L., & Çeti, B. (2018). Temalı otellerde konaklayan turistlerin deneyimlerinin belirlenmesi: Botel örneği. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(1), 555-572.

Bassi, F., & Guido, G. (2006). Measuring customer satisfaction: From product performance to consumption experience. Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, 19, 76-88.

Benek, H. (2022). Müze deneyim değerinin ziyaretçi memnuniyetine etkisinde ziyaretçi ilgileniminin rolü: Göreme Açık Hava Müzesi örneği [The role of visitor involvement in the effect of museum experience value on visitor satisfaction: The case of Goreme Open Air Museum] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Türkiye.

Bitner, M. J., Booms, B. H., & Mohr, L. A. (1994). Critical service encounters: The employee’s viewpoint. Journal of Marketing, 58, 95-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1251919

Brakus, J., Schmitt, B. H., & Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand experience: What is it? How is it measured? Does it affect loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 73(May), 52-68. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.3.52

Carvalho, K. D., & Nunes, R. D. (2021). Lazer no meio rural e turismo de experiência na perspectiva da comunidade de São Bernardo, Maranhão [Leisure in the countryside and tourist experience from the perspective of the community of São Bernardo, Maranhão]. Revista de Turismo Contemporâneo, 9(2).

Cemalcılar, İ. (1994). Pazarlama kavramlar kararlar. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A. Ş.

Chen, H. J., Wong, S. W., Bilgihan, A., & Okumus, F. (2020). Capsule hotels: Offering experiential value or perceived as risky by tourists? An optimum stimulation level model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102434

Chiu, H. J. (2009). The effect of experiential and relationship marketing on customer value: A case study of international American casual dining chains in Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(7), 993-1007. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.7.993

Çeltek, E. (2010). Deneyimsel pazarlama unsurlarının otellerin bakış açısı ile değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye’deki 4 ve 5 yıldızlı otel işletmelerinde bir uygulama (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Türkiye.

Doğaner, S. (2013). Yeni otel tasarımı: Turizm ve rekreasyon yapıları. İstanbul: Vitra Çağdaş Mimarlık Dizisi 2.

Garcia Henche, B. (2016). Los mercados de abastos como espacios de turismo experiencial: El caso de la ciudad de Madrid [Traditional food markets as spaces of experiential tourism: The case of the city of Madrid]. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, (25), 201-211.

Gentile, C., Spiller, N., & Noci, G. (2007). How to sustain the customer experience: An overview of experience components that co-create value with the customer. European Management Journal, 25(5), 395-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2007.08.005

Grewal, D., Levy, M., & Kumar, V. (2009). Customer experience management in retailing: An organizing framework. Journal of Retailing, 85(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2009.01.001

Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: Foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25, 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8

Güney, D. (2015). Deneyimsel pazarlamanın müşteri sadakatine etkisi: Muğla’daki butik otellere yönelik bir uygulama [The effect of experiential marketing on customer loyalty: An application for boutique hotels in Muğla] (Unpublished master's thesis). Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye.

Güven, H. (2019). Deneyimsel pazarlama ve deneyimsel değerin müşteri memnuniyetine etkisi: İzmir’deki alışveriş merkezlerinde bir uygulama (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Manisa Celar Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye.

Harman, S., & Akgündüz, Y. (2014). Efes örenyeri ziyaretçilerinin müze deneyimi beklentilerini belirlemeye dönük bir araştırma. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 113-133.

Holbrook, M. B., & Hirschman, E. C. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(2), 132-140.

Hung, K. (2015). Experiencing Buddhism in Chinese hotels: Toward the construction of a religious lodging experience. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 32(8), 1081-1098. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.959632

Jin, N., Line, N. D., & Goh, B. (2013). Experiential value, relationship quality, and customer loyalty in full-service restaurants: The moderating role of gender. Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, 22, 679-700. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2013.723799

Kara, M., & Çiçek, B. (2015). Deneyimsel pazarlama ve satın alma karar sürecine etkisi: Termal turizm sektöründe bir uygulama. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 6(13), 177-200. https://doi.org/10.17823/gusb.73

Kılıç, O. E. İ. (2011). Müşterilerin memnuniyet düzeyleri ile demografik özellikleri arasındaki ilişki: Antalya’daki beş yıldızlı otel işletmelerinde bir uygulama. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 6(21), 3538-3555. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.87870

Kınıklı, M. A. (2019). Deneyimsel pazarlamanın müşteri memnuniyeti üzerine etkisi: Kapadokya örneği (Unpublished master's thesis). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Türkiye.

Kim, D., & Perdue, R. R. (2013). The effects of cognitive, affective, and sensory attributes on hotel choice. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.05.012

Knutson, B. J., Beck, A. J., Kim, S. H., & Cha, J. (2007). Identifying the dimensions of the experience construct. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 15(3), 31-47.

Leighton, D. (2007). Step back in time and live the legend: Experiential marketing and the heritage sector. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 12(2), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.288

Mathwick, C., Malhotra, N., & Rigdon, E. (2001). Experiential value: Conceptualization, measurement and application in the catalog and Internet shopping environment. Journal of Retailing, 77(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00045-2

Meacci, L., & Liberatore, G. (2018). A senses-based model for experiential tourism. Tourism & Management Studies, 14(4), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2018.14401

Mehmetoglu, M., & Engen, M. (2011). Pine and Gilmore’s concept of experience economy and its dimensions: An empirical examination in tourism. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(4), 237-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2011.541847

Morgan, M., & Xu, F. (2009). Student travel experiences: Memories and dreams. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(2-3), 216-236. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620802591967

Oh, H., Fiore, A. M., & Jeoung, M. (2007). Measuring experience economy concepts: Tourism applications. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507304039

Oral, S., & Çelik Yetim, A. (2014). Deneyimsel değer, tüketici tatmini ve tüketici sadakati arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(3), 469-497. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusbed.59772

Özen, S. (2009). Dünya turizminde tüketici tercihlerinde yaşanan değişimlerin konaklama işletmelerine yansımaları: Antalya’da temalı otel örnekleri (Unpublished master's thesis). Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Türkiye.

Petkus, E. (2004). Enhancing the application of experiential marketing in the arts. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 9, 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.232

Pezzi, E., & Vianna, S. L. G. (2015). A experiência turística e o turismo de experiência: Um estudo sobre as dimensões da experiência memorável. Revista Turismo Em Análise, 26(1), 165-187. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v26i1p165-187

Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1998). Welcome to the experience economy. Harvard Business Review, 76(4), 97-105.

Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy: Work is theatre & every business a stage. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (2012). Deneyim ekonomisi (L. Cinemre, Trans.). İstanbul: Optimist Yayınları.

Prahalad, C. K., & Ramaswamy, V. (2000). Co-opting customer competence. Harvard Business Review, 78(1), 79-90.

Rather, R. A. (2020). Customer experience and engagement in tourism destinations: The experiential marketing perspective. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(1), 15-32. . https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1686101

Rivera Mateos, M. (2013). El turismo experiencial como forma de turismo responsable e intercultural. In L. Rodríguez García & A. R. Roldán Tapia (Coords.), Relaciones interculturales en la diversidad (pp. 199-217). Córdoba: Fundación Dialnet.

Same, S., & Larimo, J. (2012, May). Marketing theory: Experience marketing and experiential marketing. Paper presented at the 7th International Scientific Conference Business and Management, Vilnius, Lithuania. https://doi.org/10.3846/bm.2012.063

Saporito, R. (2024). El turismo experiencial: Turismo starlight en las Islas Canarias (La Palma y Tenerife). ROTUR, Revista de Ocio y Turismo, 18(2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.17979/rotur.2024.18.2.10203

Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 15(1-3), 53-67.

Sekaran, U. (2000). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (3rd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015

Verhoef, P. C., Lemon, K. N., Parasuraman, A., Roggeveen, A., Tsiros, M., & Schlesinger, L. A. (2009). Customer experience creation: Determinants, dynamics and management strategies. Journal of Retailing, 85(1), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2008.11.001

Yetiş, Ş. A. (2015). Termal otel işletmelerinde deneyimsel pazarlama yaklaşımı. MÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17(29), 90–98.

Yuan, Y. H. E., & Wu, C. K. (2008). Relationships among experiential marketing, experiential value, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 32(3), 387–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348008317392

Zhang, J. (2008). Brand experiential value scales for limited-service hotels (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.

Downloads

Published

2026-05-09

How to Cite

Özdemir, S., & Güneren, E. (2026). Analysis of Cappadocia Rock-Carved Hotel Experience in Terms of Demographic Variables. Anais Brasileiros De Estudos Turísticos, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17575568