"O Império dos Sentidos": romance e sexualidade em contexto turístico de sol e mar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34019/2448-198X.2020.v6.33116Palavras-chave:
Turismo, Sexo, Paradigma do Turismo Sexual, Romance, Liminaridade, Género, Duplo Padrão Sexual.Resumo
O romance e a sexualidade parecem ser ainda uma espécie de tabu no domínio da pesquisa em turismo. A maior parte da literatura produzida até ao momento consiste em analisar (e denunciar) as práticas de sexo comercial em destinos turísticos. No entanto, é necessário assumir que as atividades sexuais durante a viagem turística nem sempre envolvem características negativas, como a prostituição, a exploração, o tráfico de seres humanos ou a pedofilia, como as que tendem a ser descritas no interior do "paradigma do turismo sexual". Uma análise séria da articulação entre turismo, amor e sexualidade implica uma perspetiva mais nuanceada da realidade. Por outras palavras, esta articulação estende-se muito para além dos limites estreitos do que tem vindo a ser designado por «turismo sexual», uma vez que a maioria das relações sexuais em contexto turístico é positiva e não pecuniária. Os resultados deste estudo, provenientes de uma abordagem metodológica mista, confirmam a forte relação entre o período de férias e a disponibilidade para o sexo e para o romance fora do “paradigma do turismo sexual”, num dos destinos de sol e mar mais reconhecidos da Europa - o Algarve (Sul de Portugal). A natureza liminar do turismo desempenha um papel importante nas relações íntimas, seja em casais de longa duração ou em relacionamentos iniciados no destino. No entanto, as respostas às perguntas da pesquisa mostram padrões diferentes de acordo com o género dos respondentes e outras características individuais.
Palabras-chave: Turismo, Sexo, Paradigma do Turismo Sexual, Romance, Liminaridade, Género, Duplo Padrão Sexual.
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Referências
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Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and Power. California: Stanford University Press.
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Crawford, M., & Popp, D. (2003). Sexual double standards: a review and methodological critique of two decades of research. The Journal of Sex Research, 40(1), 13-26.
Creswell, J. (2015). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 5ª Edição. Nova Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Dahles, H. (1998). Redefining Amsterdam as a tourist destination. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 55-69.
Dahles, H., & Bras, K. (1999). Entrepreneurs in romance: tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 267-293.
De Albuquerque, K. (1998). Sex, beach boys and female tourists in the Caribbean. In B. M. Dank & R. Refinetti (Eds.), Sexuality and Culture (pp. 87–111). Nova Jersey: New Brunswinck.
Denzin, N. (1989). The Research Act. 3ª Edição. Nova Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Durkheim, E. (1914). Le dualisme de la nature humaine et ses conditions sociales. Scientia, 15, 206-221.
Ellis, A. (2003). Sex Without Guilt in the 21st Century. Nova Jersey: Barricade Books.
ERTA (2012). Demografia e Geografia do Algarve. Faro: Entidade Regional de Turismo do Algarve. Disponível em: http://www.visitalgarve.pt/visitalgarve/vPT/ DescubraARegiao/99/Demografia+e+Geografia/.
Farvid, P., Braun, V., & Rowney, C. (2017). ‘No girl wants to be called a slut!’: women, heterosexual casual sex and the sexual double standard. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(5), 544-560.
Ferreira, P. M. (2010). A actividade sexual: frequência, regularidade e inactividade. In P. M. Ferreira & M. V. Cabral (Orgs.), Sexualidades em Portugal: Comportamentos e Riscos (pp. 19 – 54). Lisboa: Bizâncio.
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Flick, U. (2014). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. 5th Edition. Londres: Sage.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Londres: A. Lang.
Frank, K. (2007). Playcouples in paradise: touristic sexuality and lifestyle travel. In M. Padilla, J. Hirsh, M. Laboy, R. Sember & R. Parker (Eds.), Love and Globalization: Transformations of Intimacy in the Contemporary World (pp. 163-185). Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
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Frohlick, S. (2010). The sex of tourism? Bodies under suspicion in paradise. In J. Scott & T. Selwyn (Eds.), Thinking Through Tourism (pp. 51-70). Nova Iorque: Berg.
Gagnon, J., & Simon, W. (1974). Sexual Conduct. The Social Sources of Human Sexuality. Chicago: Aldine Publishing.
Giddens, A. (1992). The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love & Eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gisolf, M. (2013). Liminality and tourism. Tourism Theories. Disponível em: http://www.tourismtheories.org/?p =700.
Graburn, N. (1977). Tourism: the sacred journey. In V. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (pp. 17–31). Filadelfia: University of Pensilvania Press.
Guerra, I. (2010). Pesquisa Qualitativa e Análise de Conteúdo: Sentidos e Formas de Uso. Cascais: Princípia Editora.
Herold, E., Garcia, R., & DeMoya, T. (2001). Female tourists and beach boys: romance or sex tourism? Annals of Tourism Research, 28(4), 978-997.
Hobson, J., & Dietrich, U. (1994). Tourism, health and quality of life: challenging the responsibility of using the traditional tenets of sun, sea, sand and sex in tourism marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 3(4), 21-38.
Howe, K. (1992). Getting over the quantitative-qualitative debate. American Journal of Education, 100(2), 236-256.
INE (2012). Censos 2011 Resultados Definitivos - Portugal. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P.
INE (2017). Estatísticas do Turismo 2016. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P.
INE (2018). Estatísticas do Turismo 2017. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P.
Jackson, S., & Scott, S. (2002). Gender: A Sociological Reader. Londres: Routledge.
Jackson, S., & Scott, S. (2004). Sexual antinomies in late modernity. Sexualities, 7(2), 233-248.
Jafari, J. (1987). Tourism models: the sociocultural aspects. Tourism Management, 8(2), 151–159.
Jeffreys, S. (2003). Sex tourism: do women do it too? Leisure Studies, 22(3), 223-238.
Johnston, L. & Longhurst, R. (2010). Space, Place and Sex: Geographies of Sexualities. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Jordan, F., & Aitchison, C. (2008). Tourism and the sexualisation of the gaze: solo female tourists’ experiences of gendered power, surveillance and embodiment. Leisure Studies, 27(3), 329-349.
Josiam, B., Hobson, J., Dietrich, U., & Smeaton, G. (1998). An analysis of the sexual, alcohol and drug related behavioural patterns of students on spring break. Tourism Management, 19(6), 501-513.
Kalish, R., & Kimmel, M. (2011). Hooking up: hot hetero sex or the new numb normative? Australian Feminist Studies, 26, 137–151.
Kelle, U. & Erzberger, C. (2004). Quantitative and qualitative methods: no confrontation. In U. Flick, E. Kardorff & I. Steinke (Eds.), A Companion to Qualitative Research (pp. 172-177). Londres: Sage.
Kempadoo, K. (Ed.) (1999). Sun, Sex and Gold: Tourism and Sex Work in the Caribbean. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Kinsey, A. (1998 [1953]). Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. California: Indiana University Press.
Koc, E. (2013). Inversionary and liminoidal consumption: gluttony on holidays and obesity. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30, 825-838.
Lança, M., Marques, J. F. & Valle, P. (2017). Understanding the relationships between romance, sex and liminoid experiences in tourism context: a structural modelling approach. Tourism & Management Studies, 13(1), 18-26.
Lança, M. & Ribeiro, F. B. (2020). Tourism and sex outside the “sex tourism paradigm”: tourists’ perspectives and practices in a sun and beach destination. In Pinto, P., & Guerreiro, M. (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Resident and Tourist Perspectives on Travel Destinations (pp. 361-388). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Marques, J. F. (2016). Sun, sand, sea and sex, tourism. In J. Jafari & X. Honggen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer.
Marques, J. F. & Lança, M. (2016). Para além da vida quotidiana. Amor e sexualidade em contexto turístico: resultados preliminares de uma pesquisa exploratória no Algarve (Portugal). Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos, 6(2): 7-22.
McCracken, G. (1988). The Long Interview. California: Sage.
McKercher, B., & Bauer, T. (2003). Conceptual framework of the nexus between tourism, romance and sex. In T. Bauer & B. McKercher (Eds.), Sex and Tourism. Journeys of Romance, Love and Lust (pp. 3–18). Nova Iorque: The Haworth Hospitality Press.
Michaud, Yves (2013) Préface. In Origet du Cluzeau, C. (Dir.) Amours et Tourisme (pp. 9-13).Paris: L’Harmmatan.
Michel, F. (2009). Planeta Sexo. Turismos Sexuais, Mercantilização e Desumanização dos Corpos. Lisboa: Campo das Letras.
Miles, M. & Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. 2ª Edição. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Milhausen, R., & Herold, E. (1999). Does the sexual double standard still exist? Perceptions of university women. The Journal of Sex Research, 36(4), 361-368.
Newman, I. & Benz, C. (1998). Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. EUA: Southern Illinois University Press.
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2020-12-28
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Lança, M., & Marques, J. F. (2020). "O Império dos Sentidos": romance e sexualidade em contexto turístico de sol e mar. Revista Latino-Americana De Turismologia, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.34019/2448-198X.2020.v6.33116
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