False memories: Parallel or serial processes?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34019/1982-1247.2020.v14.30384Keywords:
False memories, Parallel and serial processes, Reaction timeAbstract
This work aimed to investigate parallel and serial processes in false memories (FM). In a 3 x 3 x 3 design, the factors memory load (3, 5 and 7 items), type of item (target, critical distractor and unrelated distractor) and exposure time of the items (750, 1,500 and 3,000 milliseconds) were manipulated. The reaction time increased linearly with the increase in the memory load, indicating that serial processes act in the processing of targets and false memories. There was an increase in the percentage of errors for targets and critical distractors as the exposure time increased. The data were discussed in terms of the “memory scanning” activation/monitoring theories.
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References
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Atkins, A.S. & Reuter-Lorenz, P.A. (2008). False working memory? Semantic distortion in a mere 4 seconds. Memory & Cognition, 36, 74-81. Doi: 10.3758/MC.36.1.74
Brewin, C.R. & Andrews, B. (2017). Creating memories for false autobiographical events in childhood: A systematic review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31, 2-23. DOI:10.1002/acp.3220
Bruce, D. & Winograd, E. (1998). Remebering Deese’s 1959 articles: The Zeitgeist, the sociology of science, and false memories. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 615-624.
Coane, J. H.; McBride, D. M.; Raulerson, B., III; Jordan, J. S. (2007). False memory in a short-term memory task. Experimental Psychology, 54, 62-70. DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169.54.1.62
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recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046671
Gallo, D.A. (2006). Associative illusions of memory: false memory research in DRM and related tasks. New York: Psychology Press.
Gallo, D. (2010). False memories and fantastic beliefs: 15 years of the DRM illusion. Memory & Cognition, 38, 833-848. Doi:10.3758/MC.38.7.833
Hair Jr., J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (2005). Análise multivariada de dados (5a. ed.). Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Jaeger, A., Galera, C.A., Stein, L.M., & Lopes, E.J. (2016). Human memory research: Current hypotheses and new perspectives. Estudos de Psicologia, 21, 92-103. DOI: 10.5935/1678-4669.20160010
Johanson, M.; Stenberg, G. (2002). Inducing and reducing false memories: A Swedish version of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 369-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00305
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Kirkpatrick, E.A. (1894). An experimental study of memory. Psychological Review, 1, 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0068244
Laney, C. & Loftus, E.F. (2013). Recent advances in false memory research. South African Journal of Psychology, 43, 137-146. DOI:10.177/0081246313484236 sap.sagepub.com
Loftus, E. F. (2017). Eavesdropping on memory. Annual Review Psychology, 68, 1-18. Doi:10.1146/annur-psych-010416-044138
Lopes. E.J. & Garcia, R.B. (2014). On the possibility of using reaction time to study false memories. Psychology & Neuroscience, 7, 393-397. DOI:10.3922/j.psns.2014.047
Lopes, E.J. & Rossini, J.C. (2018). Falsas memórias. In R.B. Saraiva e G.M. Castilho (Org.), Psicologia do testemunho ocular: aplicações no contexto forense e criminal (pp. 63-81). Curitiba: Juruá.
Machado, F. & Lopes. E.J. (2012). Falsas memórias no Teste Pictórico de Memória. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 25, 756-763. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722012000400015
Mazzoni, G.; Scoboria, A. (2007). False memories. In: F. T. Durso, R.S. Nickerson, S.T. Dumais, S. Lewandowsky, & T.J. Perfect (Eds.) Handbook of Applied Cognition(2nd Ed) (pp. 787-813). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
McDermott, K.B. & Watson, J.M. (2001). The rise and fall of false recall: The impact of presentation duration. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 160-176. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2771
Neruda, P. (1980). Confesso que vivi: Memórias (12ª Ed.). São Paulo: DIFEL.
Oliveira, H.M., Albuquerque, P.B., & Saraiva, M. (2018). The study of false memories: historical reflection. Trends in Psychology, 26, 1775-1885. DOI:10.9788/TP2018.4-03En
Pezdek, K. & Lam, S. (2007). What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study “false memory”, and what are the implications of these choices? Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 2-17. Doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.006
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Roediger, H. L., III; McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21, 803-814. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803
Roediger, H.L., McDermott, K.B., & Robinson, K.J. (1998). The role of associative processes in creating false memories. In M.A. Conway, S.E. Gathercole e C. Cornoldi (Eds.) Theories of Memory (Vol. II, pp. 187-245). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Rueda, F. J. M., & Sisto, F. F. (2007). Teste Pictórico de Memória(TEPIC-M). São Paulo, SP: Vetor Editora Psicopedagógica.
Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2007). E-Prime 2.0 professional. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.
Seamon, J.G., Luo, C.R., & Gallo, D.A. (1998). Creating false memories of words with or without recognition of list items. Psychological Science, 9, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00004
Sene, A.S., Lopes, E.J., & Rossini, J.C. (2014). Falsas memórias e tempo de reação: estudo com o procedimento de palavras associadas. Psychologica (Coimbra), 57, 23-38. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8606_57_1_2
Smith, T.A., & Kimball, D.R. (2012). Revisiting the rise and fall of false recall: Presentation rate effects depend on retention interval. Memory, 20, 535-553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.684881.
Stadler, M.A., Roediger, H.L., & McDermott, K.B. (1999). Norms for word lists that create false memories. Memory & Cognition, 27, 494-500.
Stein, L.M. (2010). Falsas memórias: Fundamentos científicos e suas aplicações clínicas e jurídicas. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Stein, L. M.; Feix, L. F.; Rohenkohl, G. (2006). Avanços metodológicos no estudo das falsas memórias: Construção e normatização do procedimento de palavras associadas. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 19, 166-176. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722006000200002
Sternberg, S. (1966). High speed scanning in human memory. Science, 153, 652-654. DOI: 10.1126/science.153.3736.652
Sternberg, S. (1975). Memory scanning: new findings and current controversies. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 1-32.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14640747508400459
Sternberg, S. (2001). Separate modifiability, mental modules, and the use of pure and composite measures to reveal them. Acta Psychologica, 106, 107-246. DOI: 10.1016/s0001-6918(00)00045-7
Sternberg, S. (2016). In defence of high-speed memory scanning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 2020-2075.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1198820
Townsend, J.T. (1990). Serial vs. parallel processing: Sometimes they look like Tweedledum and Tweedlee but they can (and should) be distinguished. Psychological Science, 1, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00067.x
Townsend, J.T. & Ashby, F.G. (1983). Stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Van Zandt, T. & Townsend, J.T. (1993). Self-terminating versus exhaustive processes in rapid visual and memory search: An evaluative review. Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 563-580. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205204
Albuquerque, P. B. (2005). Produção de evocações e reconhecimentos falsos em 100 listas de palavras associadas portuguesas. Laboratório de Psicologia, 3, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.14417/lp.766
Alves, C. M.; Lopes, E. J. (2007). Falsas Memórias: Questões teórico-metodológicas. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 17, 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-863X2007000100005
Arndt, J. & Hirshman, E. (1998). True and false recognition in MINERVA 2: Explanations from a global matching perspective. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 371-391.
Atkins, A.S. & Reuter-Lorenz, P.A. (2008). False working memory? Semantic distortion in a mere 4 seconds. Memory & Cognition, 36, 74-81. Doi: 10.3758/MC.36.1.74
Brewin, C.R. & Andrews, B. (2017). Creating memories for false autobiographical events in childhood: A systematic review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31, 2-23. DOI:10.1002/acp.3220
Bruce, D. & Winograd, E. (1998). Remebering Deese’s 1959 articles: The Zeitgeist, the sociology of science, and false memories. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 615-624.
Coane, J. H.; McBride, D. M.; Raulerson, B., III; Jordan, J. S. (2007). False memory in a short-term memory task. Experimental Psychology, 54, 62-70. DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169.54.1.62
Deese, J. (1959). On the predictions of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate
recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046671
Gallo, D.A. (2006). Associative illusions of memory: false memory research in DRM and related tasks. New York: Psychology Press.
Gallo, D. (2010). False memories and fantastic beliefs: 15 years of the DRM illusion. Memory & Cognition, 38, 833-848. Doi:10.3758/MC.38.7.833
Hair Jr., J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (2005). Análise multivariada de dados (5a. ed.). Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Jaeger, A., Galera, C.A., Stein, L.M., & Lopes, E.J. (2016). Human memory research: Current hypotheses and new perspectives. Estudos de Psicologia, 21, 92-103. DOI: 10.5935/1678-4669.20160010
Johanson, M.; Stenberg, G. (2002). Inducing and reducing false memories: A Swedish version of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 369-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00305
Jou, J., Arredondo, M.L., Li, C., Escamilla, E.E., & Zuniga, R. (2017). The effects of increasing semantic-associate list length on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false recognition memory: Dual false-memory process in retrieval from sub and supraspan lists. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 2076-2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1222446
Kirkpatrick, E.A. (1894). An experimental study of memory. Psychological Review, 1, 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0068244
Laney, C. & Loftus, E.F. (2013). Recent advances in false memory research. South African Journal of Psychology, 43, 137-146. DOI:10.177/0081246313484236 sap.sagepub.com
Loftus, E. F. (2017). Eavesdropping on memory. Annual Review Psychology, 68, 1-18. Doi:10.1146/annur-psych-010416-044138
Lopes. E.J. & Garcia, R.B. (2014). On the possibility of using reaction time to study false memories. Psychology & Neuroscience, 7, 393-397. DOI:10.3922/j.psns.2014.047
Lopes, E.J. & Rossini, J.C. (2018). Falsas memórias. In R.B. Saraiva e G.M. Castilho (Org.), Psicologia do testemunho ocular: aplicações no contexto forense e criminal (pp. 63-81). Curitiba: Juruá.
Machado, F. & Lopes. E.J. (2012). Falsas memórias no Teste Pictórico de Memória. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 25, 756-763. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722012000400015
Mazzoni, G.; Scoboria, A. (2007). False memories. In: F. T. Durso, R.S. Nickerson, S.T. Dumais, S. Lewandowsky, & T.J. Perfect (Eds.) Handbook of Applied Cognition(2nd Ed) (pp. 787-813). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
McDermott, K.B. & Watson, J.M. (2001). The rise and fall of false recall: The impact of presentation duration. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 160-176. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2771
Neruda, P. (1980). Confesso que vivi: Memórias (12ª Ed.). São Paulo: DIFEL.
Oliveira, H.M., Albuquerque, P.B., & Saraiva, M. (2018). The study of false memories: historical reflection. Trends in Psychology, 26, 1775-1885. DOI:10.9788/TP2018.4-03En
Pezdek, K. & Lam, S. (2007). What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study “false memory”, and what are the implications of these choices? Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 2-17. Doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.006
Roediger, H.L., Balota, D.A. & Watson, J.M. (2001). Spreading activation and arousal of false memories. In H.L. Roediger, J.S. Nairne, I. Neath & A.M. Surprenant (Eds.) The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 95-115). Washington, DC: APA Press.
Roediger, H. L., III; McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21, 803-814. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803
Roediger, H.L., McDermott, K.B., & Robinson, K.J. (1998). The role of associative processes in creating false memories. In M.A. Conway, S.E. Gathercole e C. Cornoldi (Eds.) Theories of Memory (Vol. II, pp. 187-245). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Rueda, F. J. M., & Sisto, F. F. (2007). Teste Pictórico de Memória(TEPIC-M). São Paulo, SP: Vetor Editora Psicopedagógica.
Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2007). E-Prime 2.0 professional. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.
Seamon, J.G., Luo, C.R., & Gallo, D.A. (1998). Creating false memories of words with or without recognition of list items. Psychological Science, 9, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00004
Sene, A.S., Lopes, E.J., & Rossini, J.C. (2014). Falsas memórias e tempo de reação: estudo com o procedimento de palavras associadas. Psychologica (Coimbra), 57, 23-38. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8606_57_1_2
Smith, T.A., & Kimball, D.R. (2012). Revisiting the rise and fall of false recall: Presentation rate effects depend on retention interval. Memory, 20, 535-553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.684881.
Stadler, M.A., Roediger, H.L., & McDermott, K.B. (1999). Norms for word lists that create false memories. Memory & Cognition, 27, 494-500.
Stein, L.M. (2010). Falsas memórias: Fundamentos científicos e suas aplicações clínicas e jurídicas. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Stein, L. M.; Feix, L. F.; Rohenkohl, G. (2006). Avanços metodológicos no estudo das falsas memórias: Construção e normatização do procedimento de palavras associadas. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 19, 166-176. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722006000200002
Sternberg, S. (1966). High speed scanning in human memory. Science, 153, 652-654. DOI: 10.1126/science.153.3736.652
Sternberg, S. (1975). Memory scanning: new findings and current controversies. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 1-32.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14640747508400459
Sternberg, S. (2001). Separate modifiability, mental modules, and the use of pure and composite measures to reveal them. Acta Psychologica, 106, 107-246. DOI: 10.1016/s0001-6918(00)00045-7
Sternberg, S. (2016). In defence of high-speed memory scanning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 2020-2075.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1198820
Townsend, J.T. (1990). Serial vs. parallel processing: Sometimes they look like Tweedledum and Tweedlee but they can (and should) be distinguished. Psychological Science, 1, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00067.x
Townsend, J.T. & Ashby, F.G. (1983). Stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Van Zandt, T. & Townsend, J.T. (1993). Self-terminating versus exhaustive processes in rapid visual and memory search: An evaluative review. Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 563-580. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205204
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Published
2020-10-04
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Section
Número Temático: Cérebro & Mente: Interações
