When monsters rule (Rev 13:1-18)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34019/2236-6296.2025.v28.48591

Keywords:

Revelation 13; Monsters; Leviathan and Behemot; Roman Imperial Cult.

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the two creatures called monsters in Rev 13:1-18 from the perspective of monster theory, as a means of reading the monster as a way of demarcating the boundaries in the theology and worldview of Revelation. Based on theories relating to the monstrous and exegetical literature, it indicates that these monsters rise up to challenge heaven and threaten the faithful and, similarly to the divine army that accompanies God and the Lamb, they are allies of the “great red dragon”, the main opponent of the heavenly forces in Revelation. The monstrous are hybrid figures that break conventional boundaries, signaling their mysterious identities. They transcend the boundaries between the divine and earthly worlds as they move from the periphery to the center. The hybridity and liminality that characterize them are central components of the rhetoric of Revelation, which seeks both to convince its audience that the Roman imperial cult was a form of idolatry and to lead them to direct all their loyalty to God and the Lamb.

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Author Biography

José Adriano Filho, Faculdade Unida de Vitória

Pós-Doutorado (Princeton Theological Seminary, NJ, EUA - 2016-2017), doutor em Teoria e História Literária (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, 2013), doutor em Ciências da Religião (Universidade Metodista de São Paulo - UMESP, 2000), é professor da Faculdade Unida de Vitória - ES.

References

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Published

2025-07-29

How to Cite

ADRIANO FILHO, J. When monsters rule (Rev 13:1-18). Numen, [S. l.], v. 28, n. 1, p. 66–80, 2025. DOI: 10.34019/2236-6296.2025.v28.48591. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/numen/article/view/48591. Acesso em: 21 dec. 2025.

Issue

Section

Dossiê: Monstros e monstruosidades nas expressões religiosas