Emotional stimuli are not immune to memory conformity

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34019/1982-1247.2023.v17.30922

Keywords:

Recognition memory, Memory conformity, Emotion, Retention interval, Distinctiveness

Abstract

Memory conformity occurs when memory reports from one person are modified by memory reports from another person. In two experiments, we assessed whether stimulus emotionality moderates memory conformity in a recognition memory task. In Experiment 1, we assessed whether the interval between study and test phases could differentially affect conformity for negative and neutral stimuli. In Experiment 2, we changed the experimental design to enhance the effect of emotion on memory. In both experiments, memory conformity was similar for negative and neutral stimuli. The results suggest that emotional stimuli are not immune to socially-driven memory distortions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bennion, K. A., Ford, J. H., Murray, B. D., & Kensinger, E. A. (2013). Oversimplification in the study of emotional memory. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19, 953-961. doi:10.1017/S1355617713000945

Bessette-Symons, B. A. (2018). The robustness of false memory for emotional pictures. Memory, 26, 171-188. doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1339091

Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C., & Lang, P. J. (1992). Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 379-390. doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.2.379

Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 49-59. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9

Brewer, N., & Burke, A. (2002). Effects of testimonial inconsistencies and eyewitness confidence on mock-juror judgments. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 353-364. doi:10.1023/a:1015380522722

Brown, C., & Schaefer, A. (2010). The effects of conformity on recognition judgments for emotional stimuli. Acta Psychologica, 133, 38-44. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.08.004

Buchanan, T. W. (2007). Retrieval of emotional memories. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 761-779. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.761

Choi, H. Y., Kensinger, E. A., & Rajaram, S. (2013). Emotional content enhances true but not false memory for categorized stimuli. Memory & Cognition, 41, 403-415. doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0269-2

Cunha, J. A. (2001). Manual da versão em português das escalas Beck. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.

Davis, S. D., & Meade, M. L. (2013). Both young and older adults discount suggestions from older adults on a social memory test. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 760-765. doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0392-5

Deuker, L., Muller, A. R., Montag, C., Markett, S., Reuter, M., Fell, Trautner, P. & Axmacher, N. (2013). Playing nice: A multi-methodological study on the effects of social conformity on memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1-11. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00079

Gabbert, F., Memon, A., & Wright, D. B. (2007). I saw it for longer than you: The relationship between perceived encoding duration and memory conformity. Acta Psychologica, 124, 319-331. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.03.009

Hamann, S. (2001). Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 394-400. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01707-1

Hautus, M. J. (1995). Corrections for extreme proportions and their biasing effects on estimated values of d'. Behavior Research Methods, 27, 46-51. doi:10.3758/BF03203619

Hirst, W., & Echterhoff, G. (2012). Remembering in conversations: The social sharing and reshaping of memories. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 55-79. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100340

Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2004). Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 3310-3315. doi:10.1073/pnas.0306408101

Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (2005). Detection theory: A user's guide (2ª ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Marchewka, A., Zurawski, L., Jednorog, K., & Grabowska, A. (2014). The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS): Introduction to a novel, standardized, wide-range, high-quality, realistic picture database. Behavior Research Methods, 46(2), 596-610. doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0379-1

Ochsner, K. N. (2000). Are affective events richly recollected or simply familiar? The experience and process of recognizing feelings past. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 242-261. doi:10.1037//0096-3445.129.2.242

Paterson, H. M., & Kemp, R. I. (2006a). Co-witnesses talk: A survey of eyewitness discussion. Psychology Crime & Law, 12, 181-191. doi:10.1080/10683160512331316334

Paterson, H. M., & Kemp, R. I. (2006b). Comparing methods of encountering post-event information: The power of co-witness suggestion. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20(8), 1083-1099. doi:10.1002/acp.1261

Reysen, M. B. (2005). The effects of conformity on recognition judgements. Memory, 13, 87-94. doi:10.1080/09658210344000602

Rimmele, U., Davachi, L., Petrov, R., Dougal, S., & Phelps, E. A. (2011). Emotion enhances the subjective feeling of remembering, despite lower accuracy for contextual details. Emotion, 11, 553-562. doi:10.1037/a0024246

Roediger, H. L. III, Meade, M. L., & Bergman, E. T. (2001). Social contagion of memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 365-371. doi:10.3758/bf03196174

Roozendaal, B., & McGaugh, J. L. (2011). Memory modulation. Behavioral Neuroscience, 125, 797-824. doi:10.1037/a0026187

Schacter, D. L., & Slotnick, S. D. (2004). The cognitive neuroscience of memory distortion. Neuron, 44, 149-160. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.017

Schmidt, S. R. (1991). Can we have a distinctive theory of memory? Memory & Cognition, 19, 523-542. doi:10.3758/bf03197149

Schneider, D. M., & Watkins, M. J. (1996). Response conformity in recognition testing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 481-485. doi:10.3758/BF03214550

Schumann, D., Bayer, J., Talmi, D., & Sommer, T. (2017). Dissociation of immediate and delayed effects of emotional arousal on episodic memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 148, 11-19. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.12.007

Schwartz, S. L., & Wright, D. B. (2012). Memory conformity for new and old items with immediate and delayed testing. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 508-515. doi:10.1002/acp.2820

Scully, I. D., Napper, L. E., & Hupbach, A. (2017). Does reactivation trigger episodic memory change? A meta-analysis. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 142, 99-107. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.12.012

Sharot, T., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2008). Differential time-dependent effects of emotion on recollective experience and memory for contextual information. Cognition, 106, 538-547. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.002

Shaw, J. S. III, Garven, S., & Wood, J. M. (1997). Co-witness information can have immediate effects on eyewitness memory reports. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 503-523. doi:10.1023/A:1024875723399

Skagerberg, E. M., & Wright, D. B. (2008). The prevalence of co-witnesses and co-witness discussions in real eyewitnesses. Psychology Crime & Law, 14, 513-521, Article Pii 905560951. doi:10.1080/10683160801948980

Talarico, J. M., & Rubin, D. C. (2003). Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. Psychological Science, 14, 455-461. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.02453

Talmi, D. (2013). Enhanced emotional memory: Cognitive and neural mechanisms. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 430-436. doi:10.1177/0963721413498893

Talmi, D., Luk, B. T. C., McGarry, L. M., & Moscovitch, M. (2007). The contribution of relatedness and distinctiveness to emotionally-enhanced memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 56, 555-574. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.01.002

Talmi, D., & McGarry, L. M. (2012). Accounting for immediate emotional memory enhancement. Journal of Memory and Language, 66, 93-108. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2011.07.009

Talmi, D., Schimmack, U., Paterson, T., & Moscovitch, M. (2007). The role of attention and relatedness in emotionally enhanced memory. Emotion, 7, 89-102. doi;10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.89

Walther, E., Bless, H., Strack, F., Rackstraw, P., Wagner, D., & Werth, L. (2002). Conformity effects in memory as a function of group size, dissenters and uncertainty. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 793-810. doi:10.1002/acp.828

Wright, D. B., Busnello, R. H., Buratto, L. G., & Stein, L. M. (2012). Are valence and social avoidance associated with the memory conformity effect? Acta Psychologica, 141, 78-85. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.06.008

Wright, D. B., Gabbert, F., Memon, A., & London, K. (2008). Changing the criterion for memory conformity in free recall and recognition. Memory, 16, 137-148. doi:10.1080/09658210701836174

Wright, D. B., Mathews, S. A., & Skagerberg, E. M. (2005). Social recognition memory: The effect of other people's responses for previously seen and unseen items. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 11, 200-209. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.11.3.200

Wright, D. B., Memon, A., Skagerberg, E. M., & Gabbert, F. (2009). When eyewitnesses talk. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 174-178. doi;10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01631.x

Wright, D. B., Self, G., & Justice, C. (2000). Memory conformity: Exploring misinformation effects when presented by another person. British Journal of Psychology, 91, 189-202. doi:10.1348/000712600161781

Published

2022-12-08