Schizophrenia and Cognition
Understanding the Attentional, Perceptual and Mnemonic Dimensions of Schizophrenia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34019/1982-1247.2020.v14.30284Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious and disabling mental disorder whose diagnostic criteria are positive or negative symptoms, disorganized or catatonic speech and thinking. It takes place with important cognitive dysfunctions with impacts on attention, executive function, working memory, among others. Such deficits may be present before positive symptoms or even, in a subsyndromal manner since the childhood of these individuals. The dopaminergic hypothesis is the most accepted in the genesis of neurochemical disorders, but there is increasing evidence of the involvement of other systems such as glutamatergic and serotonergic. With regard specifically to cognitive deficits, dysfunctions in the prefrontal cortex stand out, especially its dorsolateral portion and its connections with the hippocampus. It is also understood that the cognitive test of people affected by this pathology is very important and there are neuropsychological tests batteries available, such as Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) and tests validated in Brazil such as the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Considering the high loss of functionality and life quality of these patients, especially those more affected in cognitive ability, there is a need for greater efforts to understand this complex disorder aiming more effective treatments and even the development of preventive strategies.
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References
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Pek TM, Yazici E, D Guzel D, Kose E, Yazıcı AB & Erol A (2019) The relationship between oxytocin,
vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide levels and cognitive functions in patients with
schizophrenia. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29:4, 798
810, DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2019.1653149.
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& Keefe, R. (2007). Sensitivity and applicability of the Brazilian version of the Brief Assessment of
Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Dementia & neuropsychologia, 1(3), 260–265.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642008DN10300007.
Sheffield, JM & Barch, DM (2016). Cognition and resting-state functional connectivity in
schizophrenia. Neurocience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 61, 108
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(Basel, Suíça), 23 (8), 2087. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082087.
Teigset, C. M., Mohn, C., & Rund, B. R. (2020). Perinatal complications and executive dysfunction in early
onset schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry, 20(103). httphttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02517-zs://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-0251.
Vasconcellos, P. C. (2014). A relação entre sintomas negativos e cognição social na esquizofrenia
(Especialização em Neurociências do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL
DE MINAS GERAIS). Disponível em https://repositorio.ufmg.br/bitstream/1843/VRNS-9TDNTY/1/monografia.pdf.
auditory and visual hallucinations. Mol Psychiatry 19, 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.181.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5 th ed.).
Arlington, VA: Author.
de Castro Ferreira Junior, B., do Amaral Barbosa, M., Barbosa, I. G., & Hara, C. (2010). Alterações cognitivas
na esquizofrenia: atualização Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: an update. Rev Psiquiatr Rio Gd
Sul, 32(2), 57 – 63.
Cachia, A., Cury, C., Brunelin, J., Plaze, M., Delmaire, C., Oppenheim, C., Medjkane, F., Thomas, P., & Jardri,
R. (2020). Deviations in early hippocampus development contribute to visual hallucinations in
schizophrenia. Translational psychiatry, 10(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0779-9.
Cannon, M., Caspi, A., Moffit, T. E., Harrington, H., Taylor, A., Murray, R. M., & Poulton, R.(2002). Evidence
for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from
a longitudinal birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry,59 (5), 449-456.
Cao, H., Chén, O. Y., Chung, Y., Forsyth, J. K., McEwen, S. C., Gee, D. G., Bearden, C. E., Addington, J.,
Goodyear, B., Cadenhead, K. S., Mirzakhanian, H., Cornblatt, B. A., Carrión, R. E., Mathalon, D. H.,
McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Belger, A., Seidman, L. J., Thermenos, H., Tsuang, M. T., … Cannon,
T. D. (2018). Cerebello-thalamo-cortical hyperconnectivity as a state-independent functional neural
signature for psychosis prediction and characterization. Nature communications, 9(1), 3836.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06350-7.
Clementz, BA, Sweeney, JA, Hamm, JP, Ivleva, EI, Ethridge, LE, Pearlson, GD, Keshavan, MS e Tamminga,
CA (2016). Identification of distinct psychosis biotypes using brain-based biomarkers. Am J
Psychiatry, 173 (4), 373-384. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14091200.
Green, MF. (1996, march). What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive déficits in schizophrenia?
Am J Psychiatry, 153(3), 321 – 330.
Guo, J. Y., Ragland, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2019). Memory and cognition in schizophrenia. Molecular
psychiatry, 24(5), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0231-1.
Kaneko K. (2018). Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia: Two Key Symptoms
Negatively Influencing Social Functioning. Yonago acta medica, 61 (2), 91
102. https://doi.org/10.33160/yam.2018.06.001.
Kaplan, H. I., Sadock, B. J., & Grebb, J. A. (2007). Compêndio de psiquiatria: ciências do comportamento e
psiquiatria clínica. (9th ed.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Keefe R.S.E., Harvey P.D. (2012) Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia. In: Geyer M., Gross G. (eds) Novel
Antischizophrenia Treatments. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 213. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25758-2_2.
Keefe, R. S., Poe, M., Walker, T. M., Kang, J. W., & Harvey, P. D. (2006, march). The Schizophrenia Cognition
Rating Scale: An Interview-Based Assessment and Its Relationship to Cognition, Real-World
Functioning, and Functional Capacity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(3), 426 – 432.
Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.426.
Kesby, J. P., Eyles, D. W., McGrath, J. J., & Scott, J. G. (2018). Dopamine, psychosis and schizophrenia: the
widening gap between basic and clinical neuroscience. Translational psychiatry, 8(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-017-0071-9.
Kirchhoff, B. A., Anderson, B. A., Smith, S. E., Barch, D. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (2012). Cognitive training
related changes in hippocampal activity associated with recollection in older adults. NeuroImage, 62(3), 1956–1964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.017.
Kucwaj, H., & Chuderskia, A. (2020, june). Susceptibility to distraction during analogical reasoning in
schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 20. Disponível em
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2019.100170.
Lau, C., Wang, H., Hsu, J., & Liu, M. (2013). Does the dopamine hypothesis explain schizophrenia?, Reviews
in the Neurosciences, 24(4), 389-400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2013-0011.
Lima, T., Silva, J., & Batista, E. (2017). Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com esquizofrenia em uso de antipsicóticos de ação prolongada. Revista Contexto & Saúde, 17(33), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.21527/2176-7114.2017.33.3-16.
Monteiro, Luciana de Carvalho, & Louzã, Mário Rodrigues. (2007). Alterações cognitivas na esquizofrenia:
conseqüências funcionais e abordagens terapêuticas. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 34(Suppl. 2), 179-183. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832007000800006.
Nuechterlein, K. H., GreenB, M. F., Kern, R. S., Baade, L. E., Barch, D. M., Cohen, J. D., . . . Kraemer, H.
(2008). The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, Part 1: Test Selection, Reliability, and Validity. Am J Psychiatry, 165, 203 – 213.
Orellana, G., & Slachevsky, A. (2013). Executive functioning in schizophrenia. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 35.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00035.
Organização Mundial da Saúde / Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde. (2018). Perguntas e respostas: revisão
da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID). Disponível em https://www.paho.org/bra/index.php?option=comcontentview = articleid = 5574: perguntas−e−respostas−revisao−da−classificacao−internacional−de−doencas−cidItemid = 875.
PAULINO, M. C. (2013). Perfil sociodemográfico e caracterização do tratamento psicofarmacológico oferecido
aos sujeitos com esquizofrenia atendidos pelo centro de atenção psicossocial saúde mental no município de Itajaí (SC). (Graduação em Farmácia). Universidade do Vale do Itajaí.
Pek TM, Yazici E, D Guzel D, Kose E, Yazıcı AB & Erol A (2019) The relationship between oxytocin,
vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide levels and cognitive functions in patients with
schizophrenia. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29:4, 798
810, DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2019.1653149.
Salgado, J. V., Carvalhaes, C., Pires, A. M., Neves, M., Cruz, B. F., Cardoso, C. S., Lauar, H., Teixeira, A. L.,
& Keefe, R. (2007). Sensitivity and applicability of the Brazilian version of the Brief Assessment of
Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Dementia & neuropsychologia, 1(3), 260–265.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642008DN10300007.
Sheffield, JM & Barch, DM (2016). Cognition and resting-state functional connectivity in
schizophrenia. Neurocience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 61, 108
120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.007.
Stępnicki, P., Kondej, M., & Kaczor, AA (2018). Current concepts and treatments of schizophrenia. Molecules
(Basel, Suíça), 23 (8), 2087. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082087.
Teigset, C. M., Mohn, C., & Rund, B. R. (2020). Perinatal complications and executive dysfunction in early
onset schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry, 20(103). httphttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02517-zs://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-0251.
Vasconcellos, P. C. (2014). A relação entre sintomas negativos e cognição social na esquizofrenia
(Especialização em Neurociências do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL
DE MINAS GERAIS). Disponível em https://repositorio.ufmg.br/bitstream/1843/VRNS-9TDNTY/1/monografia.pdf.
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Published
2020-10-24
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Section
Número Temático Cérebro & Mente: Reflexões e Processos Psicológicos Básicos
