Why is it (still) difficult to discuss about grief? Progress, challenges, and perspectives.

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34019/1982-1247.2024.v18.38202

Keywords:

Grief, Death, Clinical Assessment, Research, Mental Health

Abstract

To discuss about themes such as death, loss, and grief is a complex task, although these are experiences that are part of the human existence. Grief can be understood as an individual's emotional response to the rupture of an important bond, which generates physical, behavioral, and social reactions. This literature review sought to reflect on the progress, difficulties, and limitations of the scientific and clinical approach. Therefore, a critical analysis of the understandings about grief, as well as challenges for the training of health professionals and the support for the bereaved. Although progress has been observed in the approach to mourning, the importance of new studies to improve the interventions targeted to this population is highlighted.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bellet, B. W., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2019). The Social Meaning in Life Events Scale (SMILES): A preliminary psychometric evaluation in a bereaved sample. Death Studies, 43(2), 103-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1456008

Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2007). The influence of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder, depression, and anxiety on quality of life among bereaved adults: A prospective study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(8), 444-52. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-007-0744-0

Bowlby, J. (1985). Apego, perda e separação. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.

Bowlby, J. (2002). Apego e perda: Apego. (v. 1, 3ª ed.). São Paulo: Martins Fontes.

Bowlby, J. (2004). Apego e perda: Tristeza e depressão. (v. 3, 3ªed.). São Paulo: Martins Fontes.

Braz, M. S., & Franco, M. H. P. (2017). Profissionais paliativistas e suas contribuições na prevenção de luto complicado. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 37(1), 90-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3703001702016

Burke, L. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2012). Prospective risk factors for complicated grief (pp. 145-161). New York, NY: Routledge.

Campos, J. O. C., & Trentini, C. M. (2019). Análise fatorial confirmatória da versão brasileira do Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático. Avaliação Psicológica, 18(1), 50-57. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2019.1801.14667.06

Currier, J. M., Mallot, J., Martinez, T. E., Sandy, C., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2013). Bereavement, religion, and posttraumatic growth: A matched control group investigation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(2), 69-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027708

Delalibera, M., Delalibera, T. A., Franco, M. H. P., Barbosa, A., & Leal, I. (2017). Adaptação e validação brasileira do instrumento de avaliação do luto prolongado–PG-13. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 19(1), 94-106. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1980-6906/psicologia.v19n1p94-106

Ferreira, R. A., & Queiroz, E. (2010) Morte, equipe de saúde e formação profissional: questões para atuação do psicólogo. In M. H. P. Franco (Ed.). Formação e rompimento de vínculos: o dilema das perdas na atualidade (pp. 101-121). São Paulo: Summus.

Field, N. P. (2008). Whether to relinqsh or maintain a bond with the deceased. In Stroebe, M. S. et al. (Orgs.). Handbook of bereavement research and practice: advances in theory and intervention. (pp. 113-132). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Flach, K., Gressler, N. G., Marcolino, M. A. Z., & Levandowski, D. C. (2022). Complicated grief after the loss of a baby: A systematic review about risk and protective factors for bereaved women. Trends in Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-021-00112-z

Flach, K., Lobo, B. de O. M., Potter, J. R., & Lima, N. S. (2012). O luto antecipatório na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica: relato de experiência. Revista da SBPH, 15(1), 83-100. Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-08582012000100006 [Acesso em 30 de maio de 2022].

Franco, M. H. P. (2021). O luto no século 21: uma compreensão abrangente do fenômeno. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Summus.

Franco, M. H. P. (2010). Por que estudar o luto na atualidade. In Franco, M. H. P. (Org.) Formação e rompimento de vínculos: o dilema das perdas na atualidade (pp.17-42). São Paulo: Summus.

Franco, M. H., Tinoco, V. U., & Mazorra, L. (2019). Reflexões sobre os cuidados éticos na pesquisa com enlutados. Revista M. Estudos Sobre a Morte, Os Mortos E O Morrer, 2(3), 138–151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9789/2525-3050.2017.v2i3.138-151

Horowitz, M., Bonanno, G., & Holen, A. (1993). Pathological grief: Diagnosis and explanation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(3), 260–273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199305000-00004

Horowitz M., Siegel B., Holen A., Bonanno G., Milbrath C., & Stinson C. (1997). Diagnostic criteria for complicated grief disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(7), 904–910. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.1.3.290

Keleman, S. (1997). Viver o seu morrer. São Paulo: Summus.

Killikelly, C., & Maercker, A. (2018). Prolonged grief disorder for ICD-11: The primacy of clinical utility and international applicability. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(Suppl 6), 1476441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1476441

Kübler-Ross, E. (1996). Sobre a morte e o morrer. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.

Lichtenthal, W. G., Corner, G. W., Sweeney, C. R., Wiener, L., Roberts, K. E, Baser, R. E. et al. (2015). Mental health services for parents who lost a child to cancer: If we build them, will they come? Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33(20), 2246-2253. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2014.59.0406

Luna, I. J., & Moré, C. O. (2019). Narrativas e processo de reconstrução do significado no luto. Revista M. Estudos Sobre a Morte, Os Mortos E O Morrer, 2(3), 152–172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9789/2525-3050.2017.v2i3.152-172

Parkes, C. M. (1995). Guidelines for conducting ethical bereavement research. Death Studies, 19, 171-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189508252723

Parkes, C. M. (1998). Luto: Estudos sobre a perda na vida adulta. (Trad. Maria Helena Pereira Franco). 3ª Ed. São Paulo: Summus.

Parkes, C. M. (2009). Amor e perda: As raízes do luto e suas complicações. São Paulo: Summus.

Prigerson, H. G., Frank, E., & Kasl, S. V. (1995a). Complicated grief and a bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: Preliminary evaluation in elderly bereaved spouses. American Journal of Pshychiatry, 153(1), 22-30. DOI: 10.1176/ajp.153.11.1484

Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., Fasiczka, A., Miller, M. (1995b). Inventory of complicated grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research, 59(1-2), 65-79. DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(95)02757-2

Prigerson, H. (2004). Complicated grief: When the path of adjustment leads to a dead-end. Bereavement Care, 23(3), 38-40. DOI: 10.1080/02682620408657612.

Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S.C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., Bonanno, G. A., Block, S. D., Kissane, D., Boelen, P., Maercker, A., Litz, B. T., Johnson, J. G., First, M. B. & Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121

Rando, T. A. (2013). On achieving clarity regarding complicated grief: lessons from clinical practice. In: M. Stroebe, H. Schut, & J. Van den Bout. (Eds.). Complicated grief: Scientific foundations for health care professionals (pp. 40-54). New York: Routledge.

Rando, T. A., Doka, K. J., Fleming, S., Franco, M. H., Lobb, E. A., Parkes, C. M., & Steele, R. (2012). A call to the field: Complicated grief in the DSM-5. OMEGA- -Journal of Death and Dying, 65(4), 251-255. DOI: 10.2190/OM.65.4.a

Rozalski, V., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2017). Circumstances of death and complicated grief: Indirect associations through meaning made of loss. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 22(1), 11-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2016.1161426

Santos, G. C. B. F. (2017). Intervenção do profissional de saúde mental em situações de perda e luto no Brasil. Revista M. Estudos sobre a morte, os mortos e o morrer, 2(3), 116-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9789/2525-3050.2017.v2i3.116-137

Silva, A. C. O., & Nardi, A. E. (2010). Luto pela morte de um filho: Utilização de um protocolo de terapia cognitivo-comportamental. Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul, 32(3), 113-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81082010000300008

Silverman, P. R. & Klass, D. (1996). Introduction: What’s the problem? In: Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (Orgs.), Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Washington: Taylor & Francis.

Steffen, E. M. & Klass, D. (2018). Introduction: continuing bonds – 20 years on. In: In: Klass, D., Steffen, E. M. (Orgs.). Continuing bonds in bereavement: New directions for research and practice. (pp. 1-14). Nova York: Routledge.

Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23, 197-224.

Treml, J., Kaiser, J., Plexnies, A., & Kersting, A. (2020). Assessing prolonged grief disorder: A systematic review of assessment instruments. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 420-434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.049

Weir, K. (2018). Continuing education corner: New paths for the people with prolonged grief disorder. Monitor on Psychology, American Psychological Association, 49(10), 35-39. Disponível em: https://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/11/ce-corner [Acesso em 26 de outubro de 2021].

Worden, J. W. (2013). Aconselhamento do luto e terapia do luto: Um manual para profissionais da saúde mental. (4ª ed). São Paulo: Roca.

World Health Organization. (2019). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11): New Release; World Health Assembly: Geneva, Switzerland. Disponível em: https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1183832314 [Acesso em 26 de outubro de 2021].

Published

2024-09-16