Social distance toward people with substance dependence: a survey among health professionals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24879/20150090020013Resumo
The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with social distance toward people with substance dependence among health professionals. A hundred and eighty-three health professionals from Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil, were interviewed using structured questionnaires with vignettes. The vignettes assessed emotional reactions generated by alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine dependents. Belief in recovery and perception of dangerousness were significantly associated with social distance toward people with cocaine and marijuana dependence. Only belief in recovery was significant with alcohol dependence. This study provides preliminary data on factors related to the desire for social distance among health professionals, improving the understanding of stigmatization, and the development of research and training in the area.
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Referências
Ahern, J., Stuber, J., & Galea, S. (2007). Stigma,
discrimination and the health of illicit drug users.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88(2-3), 188-96.Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger H. (1997).
Social distance towards the mentally ill: results of
representative surveys in the Federal Republic of
Germany. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 131-141.
Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., & Lickel,
B. (2003). Stigma, Threat, and Social Interactions.
In: Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., &
Hull J. G. (Eds), The social psychology of stigma (pp.
307-33). New York: The Guilford Press.
Cohen, J. (1984). Statistical power analysis for the
behavioral sciences. Third ed. Hillsdale: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Coker, E. M. (2005). Selfhood and social distance:
toward a cultural understanding of psychiatric stigma
in Egypt. Social Science and Medicine, 61(5), 920-30.
Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with
mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7),
614-625.
Corrigan, P., Lurie, B. D., Goldman, H. H., Slopen,
N., Medasani, K., & Phelan S. (2005). How
adolescents perceive the stigma of mental illness and
alcohol abuse. Psychiatric Services, 56(5), 544-50.
Dietrich, S., Beck, M., Bujantugs, B., Kenzine, D.,
Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2004).
The relationship between public causal beliefs
and social distance toward mentally ill people.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,
38(5), 348-354.
Fortes, H. M. (2010). Tratamento compulsório e
internações psiquiátricas. Revista Brasileira de
Saúde Materno Infantil, 10(Suppl 2), s321-s330.
Goffman, E. (1978). Estigma: notas sobre a manipulação
da identidade deteriorada (2nd ed.) Rio de Janeiro:
Zahar.
Hansson, L. (2006). Determinants of quality of life in
people with severe mental illness. Acta psychiatrica
Scandinavica Supplementum,113(s429), 46-50.
Hebl, M. R., Tickle, J., & Heatherton, T. F. (2003).
Awkward Moments in interactions between
nonstigmatized and stigmatized indivivuals. In:
Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., &
Hull, J. G. (Eds), The Social Psychology of Stigma
(p. 275-306). New York: The Guilford Press.
Kelleher, S. (2007). Health care professionals’
knowledge and attitudes regarding substance
use and substance users. Accident and Emergency
Nursing, 15(3), 161-5.
Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W.
(2004). Factors influencing social distance toward
people with mental illness. Community mental
health journal, 40(3), 265-274.
Li, L., Lee, S. J., Thammawijaya, P., Jiraphongsa, C.,
& Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2009) Stigma, social
support, and depression among people living with
HIV in Thailand. AIDS Care, 21(8), 1007-13.
Link, B., Castille, D. M., & Stuber, J. (2008). Stigma
and coercion in the context of outpatient treatment
for people with mental illnesses. Social Science and
Medicine, 67(3), 409-19.
Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Frank, J., & Wozniak, J.
F. (1987). The social rejection of former mental
patients: understanding why labels matter. The
American journal of sociology, 92(6), 1461-1500.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2013). Labeling and
stigma. In: Aneshensel, C. S., Phelan, J. C., &
Bierman, A. (Eds.), Handbook of sociology of mental
health (pp. 481-494). New York: Springer.
Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Bresnahan, M., Stueve, A.,
& Pescosolido, B. A. (1999). Public conceptions
of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness,
and social distance. American journal of public
health, 89(9), 1328-1333.
Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-Todd, S.,
Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Stigma as
a barrier to recovery: The consequences of stigma
for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses.
Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1621-1626.
Moreira, L., & Loyola, C. M. D. (2011). Internação
involuntária: as implicações para a clínica da
enfermagem psiquiátrica. Revista da Escola de
Enfermagem da USP, 45(3), 692-699.
Palm, J. (2006). Moral concerns - treatment staff and
user perspectives on alcohol and drug problems.
Stockholm: University of Stockholm.
Peluso, E. T. P., & Blay, S. L. (2004). Community
perception of mental disorders: A systematic review of
Latin American and Caribbean studies. Social Psychiatry
and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39(12), 955-961.
Peluso, E. T. P., & Blay, S. L. (2008). Public Perception
of Alcohol Dependence. Revista Brasileira de
Psiquiatria, 30(1), 19-24.
Pereira, M. E. (2002). Psicologia social dos estereótipos.
São Paulo: Editora Pedagógica e Universitária.
Pescosolido, B. A., Monahan, J., Link, B. G., Stueve,
A., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). The public’s view of
the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal
coercion of persons with mental health problems.
American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1339-1345.
R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment
for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical
Computing. Vienna (AT). Acesso em 10 de Agosto
de 2013, em http://www.R-project.org/Ronzani, T. M. (2007). A reforma curricular nos
cursos de saúde: qual o papel das crenças? Revista
Brasileira de Educação Médica, 31(1), 38-43.
Ronzani, T. M., Furtado, E. F., & Higgins-Biddle, J.
(2009). Stigmatization of alcohol and other drug
users by primary care providers in Southeast Brazil.
Social science & medicine, 69(7), 1080-1084.
Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P.
W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Concepts,
consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma.
European Psychiatry, 20(8), 529-539.
Schomerus, G., Lucht, M., Holzinger, A.,
Matschinger, H., Carta, M. G., & Angermeyer, M.
C. (2011). The stigma of alcohol dependence
compared with other mental disorders: a review
of population studies. Alcohol and Alcoholism,
46(2), 105-12.
Scisleski, A. C. C. I., & Maraschin, C. (2008).
Internação psiquiátrica e ordem judicial: saberes
e poderes sobre adolescentes usuários de drogas
ilícitas. Psicologia em Estudo, 13(3), 457-465.
Silveira, P. S. (2010). Estigmatização do uso de álcool
e outras drogas entre profissionais de saúde de Juiz
de Fora, Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade
Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais.
Silveira, P. S., Martins, L. F., & Ronzani, T. M.
(2009). Moralização sobre o uso de álcool entre
agentes comunitários de saúde. Psicologia: Teoria e
Prática, 11(1), 62-75.
Soares, R. G., Silveira, P. S., Martins, L. F., Gomide,
H. P., Lopes, T. M., & Ronzani, T. M. (2001).
Distância social dos profissionais de saúde em
relação à dependência de substâncias psicoativas.
Estudos de Psicologia, 16(1), 91-98.
Ssebunnya, J., Kigozi, F., Lund, C., Kizza, D., &
Okello, E. (2009). Stakeholder perceptions of
mental health stigma and poverty in Uganda.
BMC International Health and Human Rights,
9(1), 5.
Verhaeghe, M., Bracke, P., & Bruynooghe, K.
(2008). Stigmatization and self-esteem of persons
in recovery from mental illness: the role of peer
support. International Journal of Social Psychiatry,
discrimination and the health of illicit drug users.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88(2-3), 188-96.Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger H. (1997).
Social distance towards the mentally ill: results of
representative surveys in the Federal Republic of
Germany. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 131-141.
Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., & Lickel,
B. (2003). Stigma, Threat, and Social Interactions.
In: Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., &
Hull J. G. (Eds), The social psychology of stigma (pp.
307-33). New York: The Guilford Press.
Cohen, J. (1984). Statistical power analysis for the
behavioral sciences. Third ed. Hillsdale: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Coker, E. M. (2005). Selfhood and social distance:
toward a cultural understanding of psychiatric stigma
in Egypt. Social Science and Medicine, 61(5), 920-30.
Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with
mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7),
614-625.
Corrigan, P., Lurie, B. D., Goldman, H. H., Slopen,
N., Medasani, K., & Phelan S. (2005). How
adolescents perceive the stigma of mental illness and
alcohol abuse. Psychiatric Services, 56(5), 544-50.
Dietrich, S., Beck, M., Bujantugs, B., Kenzine, D.,
Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2004).
The relationship between public causal beliefs
and social distance toward mentally ill people.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,
38(5), 348-354.
Fortes, H. M. (2010). Tratamento compulsório e
internações psiquiátricas. Revista Brasileira de
Saúde Materno Infantil, 10(Suppl 2), s321-s330.
Goffman, E. (1978). Estigma: notas sobre a manipulação
da identidade deteriorada (2nd ed.) Rio de Janeiro:
Zahar.
Hansson, L. (2006). Determinants of quality of life in
people with severe mental illness. Acta psychiatrica
Scandinavica Supplementum,113(s429), 46-50.
Hebl, M. R., Tickle, J., & Heatherton, T. F. (2003).
Awkward Moments in interactions between
nonstigmatized and stigmatized indivivuals. In:
Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., &
Hull, J. G. (Eds), The Social Psychology of Stigma
(p. 275-306). New York: The Guilford Press.
Kelleher, S. (2007). Health care professionals’
knowledge and attitudes regarding substance
use and substance users. Accident and Emergency
Nursing, 15(3), 161-5.
Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W.
(2004). Factors influencing social distance toward
people with mental illness. Community mental
health journal, 40(3), 265-274.
Li, L., Lee, S. J., Thammawijaya, P., Jiraphongsa, C.,
& Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2009) Stigma, social
support, and depression among people living with
HIV in Thailand. AIDS Care, 21(8), 1007-13.
Link, B., Castille, D. M., & Stuber, J. (2008). Stigma
and coercion in the context of outpatient treatment
for people with mental illnesses. Social Science and
Medicine, 67(3), 409-19.
Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Frank, J., & Wozniak, J.
F. (1987). The social rejection of former mental
patients: understanding why labels matter. The
American journal of sociology, 92(6), 1461-1500.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2013). Labeling and
stigma. In: Aneshensel, C. S., Phelan, J. C., &
Bierman, A. (Eds.), Handbook of sociology of mental
health (pp. 481-494). New York: Springer.
Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Bresnahan, M., Stueve, A.,
& Pescosolido, B. A. (1999). Public conceptions
of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness,
and social distance. American journal of public
health, 89(9), 1328-1333.
Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-Todd, S.,
Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Stigma as
a barrier to recovery: The consequences of stigma
for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses.
Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1621-1626.
Moreira, L., & Loyola, C. M. D. (2011). Internação
involuntária: as implicações para a clínica da
enfermagem psiquiátrica. Revista da Escola de
Enfermagem da USP, 45(3), 692-699.
Palm, J. (2006). Moral concerns - treatment staff and
user perspectives on alcohol and drug problems.
Stockholm: University of Stockholm.
Peluso, E. T. P., & Blay, S. L. (2004). Community
perception of mental disorders: A systematic review of
Latin American and Caribbean studies. Social Psychiatry
and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39(12), 955-961.
Peluso, E. T. P., & Blay, S. L. (2008). Public Perception
of Alcohol Dependence. Revista Brasileira de
Psiquiatria, 30(1), 19-24.
Pereira, M. E. (2002). Psicologia social dos estereótipos.
São Paulo: Editora Pedagógica e Universitária.
Pescosolido, B. A., Monahan, J., Link, B. G., Stueve,
A., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). The public’s view of
the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal
coercion of persons with mental health problems.
American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1339-1345.
R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment
for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical
Computing. Vienna (AT). Acesso em 10 de Agosto
de 2013, em http://www.R-project.org/Ronzani, T. M. (2007). A reforma curricular nos
cursos de saúde: qual o papel das crenças? Revista
Brasileira de Educação Médica, 31(1), 38-43.
Ronzani, T. M., Furtado, E. F., & Higgins-Biddle, J.
(2009). Stigmatization of alcohol and other drug
users by primary care providers in Southeast Brazil.
Social science & medicine, 69(7), 1080-1084.
Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P.
W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Concepts,
consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma.
European Psychiatry, 20(8), 529-539.
Schomerus, G., Lucht, M., Holzinger, A.,
Matschinger, H., Carta, M. G., & Angermeyer, M.
C. (2011). The stigma of alcohol dependence
compared with other mental disorders: a review
of population studies. Alcohol and Alcoholism,
46(2), 105-12.
Scisleski, A. C. C. I., & Maraschin, C. (2008).
Internação psiquiátrica e ordem judicial: saberes
e poderes sobre adolescentes usuários de drogas
ilícitas. Psicologia em Estudo, 13(3), 457-465.
Silveira, P. S. (2010). Estigmatização do uso de álcool
e outras drogas entre profissionais de saúde de Juiz
de Fora, Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade
Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais.
Silveira, P. S., Martins, L. F., & Ronzani, T. M.
(2009). Moralização sobre o uso de álcool entre
agentes comunitários de saúde. Psicologia: Teoria e
Prática, 11(1), 62-75.
Soares, R. G., Silveira, P. S., Martins, L. F., Gomide,
H. P., Lopes, T. M., & Ronzani, T. M. (2001).
Distância social dos profissionais de saúde em
relação à dependência de substâncias psicoativas.
Estudos de Psicologia, 16(1), 91-98.
Ssebunnya, J., Kigozi, F., Lund, C., Kizza, D., &
Okello, E. (2009). Stakeholder perceptions of
mental health stigma and poverty in Uganda.
BMC International Health and Human Rights,
9(1), 5.
Verhaeghe, M., Bracke, P., & Bruynooghe, K.
(2008). Stigmatization and self-esteem of persons
in recovery from mental illness: the role of peer
support. International Journal of Social Psychiatry,
