Publicado 2021-09-10
Palavras-chave
- Direita Cristã,
- Direita Populista,
- Islã
Como Citar
Copyright (c) 2021 Gabriel Guimarães
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Resumo
O sentimento de rechaço ao islã tornou-se algo como um lugar-comum junto à emergência da nova direita populista em vários países e regiões do planeta. Sobretudo após os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001, o islã ganhou um papel de protagonismo dentro daquilo que essa direita propõe combater. Todavia, os motivos do sentimento anti-islâmico tornam-se turvos, uma vez que antes do 11 de setembro vários setores da direita na Europa e nos EUA já enquadravam o imigrante não europeu, ou de países do chamado terceiro mundo como um grande problema. Quando o sentimento anti-islâmico surge nos discursos da direita em países que não se defrontam com a questão da imigração de forma tão incisiva, como no Brasil, este tema fica ainda mais problemático, tornando-se necessária uma averiguação mais detalhada da questão. Neste artigo analisa-se a abordagem do islã no contexto da nova direita no pensamento de Olavo de Carvalho, um influente formador de opinião da direita brasileira atual. Busca-se compreender de que forma suas ideias de fato convergem com o edifício teórico e ideológico da direita do Hemisfério Norte. Conclui-se que, antes que um equivalente das direitas identitárias euro-americanas, as propostas de Olavo de Carvalho se enquadram mais na Direita Cristã norte-americana, que teve o seu período de maior ativação nos anos 1990. A direita olavista recupera um discurso e um enquadramento de mundo próximos da direita norte-americana da guerra fria, porém, incorporando o tema do islã, tendo pontos de contato com a atual direita norte-americana e europeia, porém não sendo intercambiável com ela.
Downloads
Referências
- Bar-On, Tamir. “Transnationalism and the French Nouvelle Droite”. Patterns of Prejudice, 45, 3(2011): 199-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2011.585013
- Bendina, Mary, John C. Green, Mark J. Rozell, and Clyde Wilcox. Catholics and the Christian Right: A View from 4 States”. Journal for the Science Study of religion, 39, 3 (2002): 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00027
- Caiani, Manuela. 2017. “Radical right-wing movements: Who, when, how and why?”. Sociopedi.Isa. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323951576_Radical_right-wing_movements_Who_when_how_and_why. https://doi.org/10.1177/205684601761
- Carvalho, Olavo de. 2011. Why I am not a fan of Charles Darwin. Voegelin View. https://voegelinview.com/why-i-am-not-a-fan-of-charles-darwin
- Carvalho, Olavo de. 2012. Globalist revolutionaries. Voegelin View. https://voegelinview.com/globalist-revolutionaries
- Carvalho, Olavo de. 2019. Olavo de Carvalho – Notas nas redes sociais reunidas. https://olavodecarvalhofb.wordpress.com
- Carvalho, Olavo de. Maquiavel ou a confusão demoníaca. Campinas: Vide Editorial, 2016.
- Castelli Gattinara, Pietro and Andrea L.P. Pirró. “The far right as a social movement”. European Societies, 21, 4 (2019): 447-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2018.1494301
- Conger, K. H. “The Christian Right in US politics”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 2019. https://oxfordre.com/politics/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-810. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.810
- De Benoîst, Alain. On being a pagan. Atlanta, Georgia: Ultra, 2004.
- De La Torre, Carlos and Oscar Mazzoleni. “Do We Need a Minimum Definition of Populism? An Appraisal of Mudde’s Conceptualization”. Research Gate, pre-print, 2019. https://www.google.com/search?q=somersby&rlz=1C1GCEA_enPT952PT952&oq=summerb&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0i10i433j0i512j0i10l2j46i10i175i199i512j0i10l2j0i10i512j0i512.7865j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
- Dowland, Seth. Church History. “’Family Values’ and Formation of the Christian Right Agenda”, 78, 3(2009): 606-631. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009640709990448
- Dugin, Alexander. La cuarta teoria política. Barcelona, España: Ediciones Nueva Republica, 2013.
- Dugin, Alexander e Olavo de Carvalho. Os EUA e a Nova Ordem Mundial: um debate entre Alexander Dugim e Olavo de Carvalho. Campinas: Vide Editorial, 2012.
- Eatwell, Roger and Goodwin, Mathew. National-Populism. The revolt against liberal democracy. London: Pelican Books. 2018.
- Froio, Caterina and Bharat Ghanesh. “The transnationalisation of far-right discourse on Twitter: Issues and actors that cross borders in Western European democracies”. European Societies, 21, 4 (2018): 513-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2018.1494295
- Ignazi, Piero. The re-emergence of extreme right-wing parties in Europe. (Reihe Politikwissenschaft / Institut für Höhere Studien, Abt. Politikwissenschaft, 21). Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien, 1995. https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/26715
- Katsifiacas, G. The imagination of the New Left. A global analysis of 1968. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press, 1987.
- Kaufmann, Eric and Gareth Harris. Changing places: mapping the white British response to ethnic change. London: Demos. 2014.
- Ketchaver, Karen. “Father Charles E. Coughlin: the radio Priest of the 1930’s”. Theological librarianship, 2, 2(2009): 81-88. https://doi.org/10.31046/tl.v2i2.112
- Kitschelt, Herbert. The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501745959
- Kitschelt, Herbert. The radical right in Western Europe. A comparative analysis. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1995. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.14501
- Larson, Carin, David Madland and Clyde Wilcox. “Religious Lobbying in Virginia: How Institutions Can Quiet Prophetic Voices”. In Representing God in the Statehouse: Religion and Politics in the American States, E. Cleary and A. Hertzke (orgs), 55-72. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. 55-72
- Laruelle, Marlene. “Aleksander Dugin: A Russian Version of the European Radical Right?”. Kennan Institute Occasional Papers, 294(2006). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344223913_Aleksandr_Dugin_A_Russian_Version_of_the_European_Radical_Right_Kennan_Institute_Occasional_Papers_No_294
- Lindholm, C. and J.P. Zúquete. The Struggle for the world. Liberation movements for the 21th Century. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804774222
- Lugg, Catherine A. “The Christian Right: a cultivated collection of interest groups”. Educational Policy, 15, 1(2001): 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904801015001003
- Mathyl, Markus. “The national-bolshevik party and Arctogaia: two neo-fascist groupuscules in the post-soviet political space”. Patterns of Prejudice, 36, 3(2002): 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/003132202128811493
- Michael, George. The enemy of my enemy. The alarming convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2006.
- Mudde, Cas and Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser. “Voices of the peoples: Populisms in Europe and Latin America compared”. Kellog Institute for International Studies, working paper 378, 2011. https://kellogg.nd.edu/documents/1695
- Mudde, Cas. The far-right today. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. 2019.
- Mudde, Cas. The ideology of the extreme right. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2000.
- Nagle, Angela. Kill all normies: online culture wars from 4chan and tumblr to Trump and the alt-right. United Kingdom: Zero Books. 2017.
- Paxton, Robert O. A anatomia do fascismo. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra. 2007.
- Rauchfleish, Adrian and Kaiser, Jonas. “The German Far-right on Youtube: An Analysis of User Overlap and User Comment”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 64, 3(2020): 373-396. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2020.1799690
- Roberts, Kenneth and Ostiguy, Pierre. The Brown Journal of World Affairs. “Putting Trump in Comparative Perspective: Populism and the Politicization of the Sociocultural Low”, 33, 2016. https://bjwa.brown.edu/23-1/putting-trump-in-comparative-perspective-populism-and-the-politicization-of-the-sociocultural-low
- Rushbrook, Jonathan. Against Thalassocracy: Sacred Geography, Nationhood and Perennial Traditionalism in Alexander Dugin’s Neo-Eurasianist Phylosophy. MA Thesis, Morgantown, West Virginia University, 2015.
- Sedgwick, Mark. 2019a. Limited Guénonian influence in incoming Brazilian government. Traditionalists: a blog for the study of traditionalism and traditionalists. https://traditionalistblog.blogspot.com/2018/12/limited-guenonian-influence-in-incoming.html.
- Sedgwick, Mark. 2019c.The worrying ideology that helps Trump’s new friendship with Brazil. Oupblog. Oxford University Press’s academic insights for the thinking world. https://blog.oup.com/2019/05/worrying-ideology-that-helps-trumps-new-friendship-brazil/
- Sedgwick, Mark. Against the modern world. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/0195152972.001.0001
- Sedgwick, Mark. Key thinkers of the radical right: behind the new threat to liberal democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019b. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877583.001.0001
- Simpson, Patricia Anne. “Mobilizing Meanings: Translocal Identities of the Far-Right Web”. German Politics and Society, 34, 4(2016): 34-53. https://doi.org/10.3167/gps.2016.340403
- Smith, Anthony D. The ethnic origins of nations. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell .1986.
- Taguieff, Pierre-André. “Taguieff décortique les théories du complot”. L’Express, 12/05/2018. https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/taguieff-les-complots-repondent-a-un-besoin-d-ordre_2007876.html
- Teitelbaum, Benjamin R. War for eternity: inside Bannon’s far-right circle of global power brokers. New York: Harper Collins. 2020.
- Tönnies, Ferdinand. Community and Society. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. 2011.
- Umland, Andreas and Anton Shevkhovtsov. “Is Alexander Dugin a Traditionalist? “Neo-Eurasianism and Perennial Philosophy”. The Russian Review. 68, 4 (2009): 662-678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9434.2009.00544.x
- Umland, Andreas. “New extremely right-wing intelectual circles in Russia. The Anti-Orange Committee, the Isborsk Club and the Florian Geyer Club”. Russian Analytical Digest. 135(2013): 2-6. https://doi.org/10.31205/RA.256.01
- Wacker, Grant. 2000.“The Christian Right”, National Humanities Center Online. http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/chr_rght.htm
- Wilcox, Clyde, Mark J. Rozell and Roland Gunn. “Religious coalitions in the New Christian Right”. Social Science Quarterly, 7, 3(1996): 543-558.
- Winter, Aaron. “Anti-abortion extremism and violence in the United States”. In: Extremism in America, George Michael (otg). Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 2013: 218-248. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813044972.003.0009
- Zúquete, José Pedro. “Para além do populismo: a defesa da identidade branca na Europa ocidental”. In Populismo: teorias e casos, António Costa Pinto e Fábio Gentile (org), 57-75. Fortaleza, Ceará: Edmeta Editora, 2020.
- Zúquete, José Pedro. The Identitarians: the movement against Globalism and Islam in Europe. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. 2018. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpj775n