"The Realm of the Senses": romance and sexuality during sun and sea tourism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34019/2448-198X.2020.v6.33116Keywords:
Tourism, Sex, Sex Tourism Paradigm, Romance, Liminality, Gender, Sexual Double Standard.Abstract
Tourism research tends to ignore love and sexuality, which are still a kind of taboo in this area. So far, most of the literature produced consists of analyzing (and denouncing) the practices of commercial sex on tourism destinations. However, it is necessary to assume that sexual activities during travellig vacations do not always involve negative characteristics, such as exploitation, prostitution, human trafficking or pedophilia, as those described within the "sex tourism paradigm". A serious examination of the nexus between tourism and sex has to contemplate a nuanced perspective of reality. In other words, this articulation extends far beyond the narrow confines of «sex tourism», since most of the sexual practices are positive and non-pecuniary. The results of this study, from a mixed methodological approach, confirm the strong relationship between vacation time and the availability for sex and romance outside the “sex tourism paradigm” in one of the most recognized sun and sea destinations in Europe – the Algarve (South Portugal). The liminal nature of tourism plays an important role on intimate relationships, either for long-term couples or new found partners at the destination. However, answers to the research questions show different patterns according to gender and other personal characteristics.
Key words: Tourism, Sex, Sex Tourism Paradigm, Romance, Liminality, Gender, Sexual Double Standard.
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References
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Dahles, H., & Bras, K. (1999). Entrepreneurs in romance: tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 267-293.
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Durkheim, E. (1914). Le dualisme de la nature humaine et ses conditions sociales. Scientia, 15, 206-221.
Ellis, A. (2003). Sex Without Guilt in the 21st Century. Nova Jersey: Barricade Books.
ERTA (2012). Demografia e Geografia do Algarve. Faro: Entidade Regional de Turismo do Algarve. Disponível em: http://www.visitalgarve.pt/visitalgarve/vPT/ DescubraARegiao/99/Demografia+e+Geografia/.
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Gisolf, M. (2013). Liminality and tourism. Tourism Theories. Disponível em: http://www.tourismtheories.org/?p =700.
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Guerra, I. (2010). Pesquisa Qualitativa e Análise de Conteúdo: Sentidos e Formas de Uso. Cascais: Princípia Editora.
Herold, E., Garcia, R., & DeMoya, T. (2001). Female tourists and beach boys: romance or sex tourism? Annals of Tourism Research, 28(4), 978-997.
Hobson, J., & Dietrich, U. (1994). Tourism, health and quality of life: challenging the responsibility of using the traditional tenets of sun, sea, sand and sex in tourism marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 3(4), 21-38.
Howe, K. (1992). Getting over the quantitative-qualitative debate. American Journal of Education, 100(2), 236-256.
INE (2012). Censos 2011 Resultados Definitivos - Portugal. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P.
INE (2017). Estatísticas do Turismo 2016. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P.
INE (2018). Estatísticas do Turismo 2017. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P.
Jackson, S., & Scott, S. (2002). Gender: A Sociological Reader. Londres: Routledge.
Jackson, S., & Scott, S. (2004). Sexual antinomies in late modernity. Sexualities, 7(2), 233-248.
Jafari, J. (1987). Tourism models: the sociocultural aspects. Tourism Management, 8(2), 151–159.
Jeffreys, S. (2003). Sex tourism: do women do it too? Leisure Studies, 22(3), 223-238.
Johnston, L. & Longhurst, R. (2010). Space, Place and Sex: Geographies of Sexualities. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Jordan, F., & Aitchison, C. (2008). Tourism and the sexualisation of the gaze: solo female tourists’ experiences of gendered power, surveillance and embodiment. Leisure Studies, 27(3), 329-349.
Josiam, B., Hobson, J., Dietrich, U., & Smeaton, G. (1998). An analysis of the sexual, alcohol and drug related behavioural patterns of students on spring break. Tourism Management, 19(6), 501-513.
Kalish, R., & Kimmel, M. (2011). Hooking up: hot hetero sex or the new numb normative? Australian Feminist Studies, 26, 137–151.
Kelle, U. & Erzberger, C. (2004). Quantitative and qualitative methods: no confrontation. In U. Flick, E. Kardorff & I. Steinke (Eds.), A Companion to Qualitative Research (pp. 172-177). Londres: Sage.
Kempadoo, K. (Ed.) (1999). Sun, Sex and Gold: Tourism and Sex Work in the Caribbean. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Kinsey, A. (1998 [1953]). Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. California: Indiana University Press.
Koc, E. (2013). Inversionary and liminoidal consumption: gluttony on holidays and obesity. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30, 825-838.
Lança, M., Marques, J. F. & Valle, P. (2017). Understanding the relationships between romance, sex and liminoid experiences in tourism context: a structural modelling approach. Tourism & Management Studies, 13(1), 18-26.
Lança, M. & Ribeiro, F. B. (2020). Tourism and sex outside the “sex tourism paradigm”: tourists’ perspectives and practices in a sun and beach destination. In Pinto, P., & Guerreiro, M. (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Resident and Tourist Perspectives on Travel Destinations (pp. 361-388). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Marques, J. F. (2016). Sun, sand, sea and sex, tourism. In J. Jafari & X. Honggen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer.
Marques, J. F. & Lança, M. (2016). Para além da vida quotidiana. Amor e sexualidade em contexto turístico: resultados preliminares de uma pesquisa exploratória no Algarve (Portugal). Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos, 6(2): 7-22.
McCracken, G. (1988). The Long Interview. California: Sage.
McKercher, B., & Bauer, T. (2003). Conceptual framework of the nexus between tourism, romance and sex. In T. Bauer & B. McKercher (Eds.), Sex and Tourism. Journeys of Romance, Love and Lust (pp. 3–18). Nova Iorque: The Haworth Hospitality Press.
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Michel, F. (2009). Planeta Sexo. Turismos Sexuais, Mercantilização e Desumanização dos Corpos. Lisboa: Campo das Letras.
Miles, M. & Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. 2ª Edição. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Milhausen, R., & Herold, E. (1999). Does the sexual double standard still exist? Perceptions of university women. The Journal of Sex Research, 36(4), 361-368.
Newman, I. & Benz, C. (1998). Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. EUA: Southern Illinois University Press.
Nicolson, P., & Burr, J. (2003). What is ‘normal’ about women's (hetero)sexual desire and orgasm? A report of an in-depth interview study. Social Science & Medicine, 57(9), 1735-1745.
O’Connell-Davidson, J. (2001). The sex tourist, the expatriate, his ex-wife and her ‘other: The politics of loss, difference and desire. Sexualities, 4, 5-24.
Oppermann, M. (Ed.) (1998). Sex Tourism and Prostitution: Aspects of Leisure, Recreation and Work. Nova Iorque: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
Oppermann, M. (1999). Sex tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 251–266.
PENT (2012). Plano Estratégico Nacional de Turismo: Horizonte 2013-2015. Lisboa: Ministério da Economia e da Inovação.
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2020-12-28
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Lança, M., & Marques, J. F. (2020). "The Realm of the Senses": romance and sexuality during sun and sea tourism. Latin American Journal of Tourismology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.34019/2448-198X.2020.v6.33116
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