Cooperativm and Tourism: poverty as a discursive axis of the neoliberal agenda
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34019/2448-198X.2020.v6.33113Keywords:
Poverty; Development; Dependency; Cooperativism; Sustainable Tourism.Abstract
The theory of development, doubtless, has opened a great gap amongst thinkers and scholars, which judges actions by their effects. While some scholars call the attention on the financial dependency of peripheral states respecting IMF or World Bank, others emphasize on the economic benefits of development. This essay-review explores conceptually the limitations and strengths of the theory of development, which was historically applied to tourism and hospitality. In so doing, we adopt the paradigm of cooperativism as a tug of war. This theory reminds the importance of ethics over the instrumental logic of the market enhancing the resiliency of the community in the long-run. Paradoxically, as Comaroff and Comaroff put it, the cooperativism –under some conditions – threatens the governability as well as the functionality of nation-states paving the ways for the rise of conflict and rivalry. Over the recent year, some specialists have alerted on the problems of commoditization of poverty as well as the ethical dilemmas behind the cooperativism.
Key words: Poverty; Development; Dependency; Cooperativism; Sustainable Tourism.
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References
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Richards, G., & Raymond, C. (2000). “Creative tourism”. ATLAS news, 23(8): 16-20.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2006). Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture?. Tourism management, 27(6): 1209-1223.
Rist, G. (2002). El desarrollo: historia de una creencia occidental (Vol. 137). Los libros de la Catarata, Madrid.
Ritchie, J. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. CABI, Wallingford.
Sachs, W. (2015). Planet dialectics: Explorations in environment and development. Zed Books Ltd, New York.
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Saint-Simon C (1985), Catecismo político de los industriales. Hyspamérica, Madrid.
Sharpley, R. (2018). “Responsible volunteer tourism: tautology or oxymoron? A comment on Burrai and Hannam”. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 10(1): 96-100.
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Tzanelli, R. (2016). Thanatourism and Cinematic Representations of Risk: Screening the End of Tourism. Routledge, Abingdon.
Vázquez Soriano, A (2008). “Ausencias y Presencias: turismo, patrimonio cultural y exclusión social en el centro histórico de Santiago de Queretaro, México”. Turismo, pobreza y territorios en América Latina. Carbonell, C (ed). Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, 99-124.
Wood, R. E. (2018). Tourism, culture and the sociology of development. In Tourism in South-East Asia. Routledge, Abingdon, 66-88.
Atkinson, G. Dietz, S & Neumayer, E (2007) “Introduction”. Handbook of Sustainable Development. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 1-26.
Bauman, Z. (2011). Migration and identities in the globalized world. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 37(4): 425-435.
Bourdeau, P. (2009, May). Amenity Migration as an Indicator of Post-Tourism; a Geo-cultural approach to the alpine case. In Amenity Migration as an Indicator of Post-Tourism; a Geo-cultural approach to the alpine case (pp. 25-32). International Amenity Migration Centre & Banff Centre, Banff.
Bramwell, B. (2015). Theoretical activity in sustainable tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 54(1): 204-218.
Carbonell C. (2008). “Algunas reflexiones sobre el turismo y la pobreza en el espacio latinoamericano”. Turismo, pobreza y territorios en América Latina. Bogotá, Universidad Externado de Colombia, 13-29.
Carbonell C. (2008). Turismo, pobreza y territorios en América Latina. Bogotá, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá.
Chant S & McIlwaine (2009) Geographies of Development in the 21st Century: an introduction to the global South. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
Chaturvedi, S., & Doyle, T. (2015). Climate terror: A critical geopolitics of climate change. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
Cohen, E. (2005). Principales tendencias en el turismo contemporáneo. Política y sociedad, 42(1): 11-24.
Comaroff, J. L., & Comaroff, J. (2009). Ethnicity, Inc. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Crouch, D., Jackson, R., & Thompson, F. (Eds.). (2005). The media and the tourist imagination: Converging cultures. Routledge, Abingdon.
Dachary, A. A. C., Rodríguez, L. A. A., & Hermoso, F. J. R. (2017). El Turismo y la Sustentabilidad Real. Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos-ABET, 7(3): 8-19.
De Kadt, E. (1991). Turismo:¿ pasaporte al desarrollo. Endymion, Madrid.
Donohue, K. G. (2003). Freedom from want: American liberalism and the idea of the consumer. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Dos Santos, T. (2018). La cuestión de la teoría de la dependencia. Espacio abierto: cuaderno venezolano de sociología, 27(1): 201-236.
Escobar, A. (1998). La invención del Tercer Mundo: construcción y deconstrucción del desarrollo. Editorial Norma, Madrid.
Esteva, G. (2006). Desarrollo. LV KG, Die Kommende Demokratie, 325-329.
Esteva, G., & Prakash, M. S. (1998). Beyond development, what?. Development in Practice, 8(3): 280-296.
Fernández Méndez, M., & Puig Martínez, A. (2002). El papel del cooperativismo en el turismo rural de la Comunidad Valenciana. CIRIEC-España, revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa, (41): 183-212
García, M. O., Amorim, E., & Korstanje, M. (2018). The power of knowledge in the struggle for sustainable tourism. Green Events and Green Tourism: An International Guide to Good Practice. Seraphin, H & Nolan E (eds). Routledge, Abingdon, 41-49.
Hiernaux-Nicolas, D. (2018). Conferencia inaugural. Turismo residencial: retos identitarios e imaginarios espaciales. In Turismo residencial. Nuevos estilos de vida: de turistas a residentes: Ponencias IV Congreso Internacional de Turismo Residencial (pp. 17-30). Universitat d´ Alacant/Universidad de Alicante.
Korstanje M (2015a) A Difficult World: examining the roots of capitalism. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
Korstanje, M. E. (2015b). Un analisis crítico del Turismo creativo. Gran Tour, (12): 23-41.
Korstanje, M. E. (2016). The rise of thana-capitalism and tourism. Routledge, Abingdon.
Korstanje M. (2018) Mobilities Paradox: a critical analysis. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
Krippendorf, J. (2010). Holiday makers. Routledge, London.
Krippendorf, J. (1982). Towards new tourism policies: The importance of environmental and sociocultural factors. Tourism management, 3(3): 135-148.
MacCannell, D (1976) The Tourist: a new theory of leisure class. University of California Press, Berkeley.
MacCannell, D (1992) Empty meeting Grounds: the tourist papers. Routledge, London.
MacCannell, D. (2011). The ethics of sightseeing. University of California Press, Los Angeles.
MacCannell, D. (2012). On the ethical stake in tourism research. Tourism Geographies, 14(1): 183-194.
Marques L. (2012) “Boosting potential creative tourism resources: the case of Siby (Mali)”. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice. 4 (1): 111-128
Mazón, A. M., & Moraleda, L. F. (2013). Gobernanza para el desarrollo turístico sostenible en la comunidad andina: Un nuevo reto en las relaciones unión Europea-Can. Revista Escuela de Administración de Negocios, (59): 99-120.
McMichael P. (2017). Development and Social Change: a global perspective. Sage, London.
Medeiros, B. F. (2015). Touring Poverty. Routledge, Abingdon.
Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (2015). Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge, Abingdon.
Nogues-Pedrgal, A. M. (2015). Etnografía bajo un espacio turístico: sus procesos de configuración. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural (Edita 13), Pasos Edita, Tenerife.
Norton, B (2007) “Ethics and Sustainable development: an adaptive approach to environmental choice” Handbook of Sustainable Development. Atkinson, G, Dietz S & Neumayer, E (eds). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 45-62.
Lane, B. (2018). Will sustainable tourism research be sustainable in the future? An opinion piece. Tourism management perspectives, 25 (1): 161-164.
Lorenzo, A. M. C., & Zamora, D. T. (2016). Cooperativismo agrario y turismo rural. Hacia el desarrollo local sostenible. Interações (Campo Grande), 7(11): 9-16.
Orjuela, D. E. M. (2013). Turismo rural y gobernanza ambiental: conceptos divergentes en países desarrollados y países en vías de desarrollo. Turismo y Sociedad, 14: 215-235.
Pagden A (1995) Lords of all the World. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Place, S., Hall, C. M., & Lew, A. A. (1998). Sustainable tourism: A geographical perspective (p. 107). Longman, Harlow.
Richards, G. (2011). “Creativity and tourism: The state of the art”. Annals of tourism research, 38(4): 1225-1253.
Richards, G., & Raymond, C. (2000). “Creative tourism”. ATLAS news, 23(8): 16-20.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2006). Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture?. Tourism management, 27(6): 1209-1223.
Rist, G. (2002). El desarrollo: historia de una creencia occidental (Vol. 137). Los libros de la Catarata, Madrid.
Ritchie, J. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. CABI, Wallingford.
Sachs, W. (2015). Planet dialectics: Explorations in environment and development. Zed Books Ltd, New York.
Sánchez Juárez, J. P & Ramírez Valverde, B (2008) “El Turismo Rural frente la pobreza de los indígenas productores de café de México”. Turismo, pobreza y territorios en América Latina. Carbonell, C (ed). Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, 351-378.
Saint-Simon C (1985), Catecismo político de los industriales. Hyspamérica, Madrid.
Sharpley, R. (2018). “Responsible volunteer tourism: tautology or oxymoron? A comment on Burrai and Hannam”. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 10(1): 96-100.
Sharpley, R., & Telfer, D. J. (Eds.). (2014). Tourism and development: concepts and issues (Vol. 63). Channel View Publications, Bristol.
Schlüter, R. G. (2015). Turismo Rural em Argentina. Antecedentes e Desafios Atuais. Desafio Online, 3(3): 99-115.
Skoll, G. R., & Korstanje, M. (2014). Urban heritage, gentrification, and tourism in Riverwest and El Abasto. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9(4): 349-359.
Schweitzer, M (2008). “La Identidad de Victoria en proceso de transformación: turismo y nuevos emprendimientos a partir de la construcción del enlace Rosario-Victoria, Argentina”. Turismo, pobreza y territorios en América Latina. Carbonell, C (ed). Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, 151-176.
Tzanelli, R. (2006). Reel western fantasies: Portrait of a tourist imagination in The Beach (2000). Mobilities, 1(1): 121-142.
Tzanelli, R. (2016). Thanatourism and Cinematic Representations of Risk: Screening the End of Tourism. Routledge, Abingdon.
Vázquez Soriano, A (2008). “Ausencias y Presencias: turismo, patrimonio cultural y exclusión social en el centro histórico de Santiago de Queretaro, México”. Turismo, pobreza y territorios en América Latina. Carbonell, C (ed). Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, 99-124.
Wood, R. E. (2018). Tourism, culture and the sociology of development. In Tourism in South-East Asia. Routledge, Abingdon, 66-88.
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Published
2020-12-26
How to Cite
Korstanje, M. (2020). Cooperativm and Tourism: poverty as a discursive axis of the neoliberal agenda. Latin American Journal of Tourismology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.34019/2448-198X.2020.v6.33113
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