Aspectos conceituais da autoinjúria: Uma revisão teórica.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24879/201800120010092Palavras-chave:
conduta autolesiva, comportamento autodestrutivo, adolescentesResumo
A conduta autolesiva se refere ao comportamento direto e deliberado de autolesão que resulta em prejuízo físico e psicológico para o indivíduo. De
alta prevalência e considerado problema de saúde pública, esse comportamento tem sido associado a vários fatores biopsicossociais, principalmente
na adolescência, fase em qual tende a emergir e é mais prevalente. A conduta autolesiva é geralmente associada a comportamentos e pensamentos
suicidas e, de modo geral, a literatura ainda é heterogênea sobre o fenômeno, assim como formas de mensurá-lo. O presente artigo objetivou reunir os
principais conceitos e achados teóricos sobre a conduta autolesiva, classificando e descrevendo o comportamento autolesivo em relação aos períodos
desenvolvimentais, principais fatores associados, formas de avaliação, tratamento/intervenção e prevenção.
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Referências
Referências
Borges, V. R., & Werlang, B. S. G. (2006). Estudo de ideação suicida em adolescentes de 13 e 19 anos. Psicologia Saúde e Doenças, 7, 195-209.
Borschman, R., Hogg, J., Philips, R., & Moran, P. (2012). Measuring self-harm in adults: A systematic review. European Psychiatry, 27, 176-180. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.04.005.
Brickman, L. J., Ammerman, B. A., Look, A. E., Berman, M. E., & McCloskey, M. S. (2014). The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and borderline personality disorder symptoms in a college sample. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 1(14), 1-8. doi: 10.1186/2051-6673-1-14.
Briere, J., & Gil, E. (1998). Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: Prevalence, correlates and functions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, 609-620. doi: 10.1037/h0080369.
Caldas, M. T., Arcoverde, R. L., Santos, T. F., Lima, M. S., Macedo, L. E. M. L., & Lima, M. C. Condutas autolesivas entre detentas da Colônia Penal Feminina do Recife. Psicologia em Estudo, 14(3), 575-582.
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of self-harm: the experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 371-394. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005.
Cheung, Y. T., Wong, P. W. C., Lee, A. M., Lam, T. H., Fan, Y. S. S., & Yip, P. S. F. (2013). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: Prevalence, co-occurrence and correlates of suicide among adolescents in Hong Kong. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48, 1133-1144. doi: 10.1007/s00127-012-0640-4.
Completo, J. M. P. S. (2014). A influência das funções intrapessoais e interpessoais na auto-injúria não suicida e na ideação suicida (Dissertação de mestrado). ISPA – Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal.
Dennis, M. S., Wakefield, P., Molloy, C., Andrews, H., & Friedman, T. (2007). A study of self-harm in older people: Mental disorder, social factors and motives. Aging and Mental Health, 11, 520-525. doi: 10.1080/13607860601086611.
Favazza, A. R. (1989). Why patients mutilate themselves. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 137-145.
Favazza, N., & Page, S. (2009). Personality style and impulsivity as determinant of suicidal subgroups. Archives of Suicide Research, 13, 31-45.
Gratz, K. L. (2001). Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 253-263. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(82)80015-4.
Guerreiro, D. F. & Sampaio, D. (2013). Comportamentos autolesivos em adolescentes: uma revisão da literatura com foco na investigação em língua portuguesa. Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Pública, 31(2), 213-222. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsp.201305.001.
Hall, S., Oliver, C., & Murphy, G. (2001). Self-injurious behavior in young children with Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43, 745-749.
Heath, N., Toste, J., & Beettam, E. (2006). “I am not well-equipped”: High school teachers’ perceptions of self-injury. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 21, 73-92. doi: 10.1177/0829573506298471.
Jacobson, C. M., & Batejan, K. (2014). Comprehensive theoretical models of nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury (pp. 308-320). New York: Oxford University Press.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Borges, G., Nock, M. K., & Wang, P. S. (2005). Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures and attempts in the United States, 1990-1992 to 2001-2003. Journal of the American Medical Associations, 293, 2487-2495. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.20.2487.
Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: Prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1981-1986. doi: 10.1017/S0033291710002497.
Klonsky, E. D., & Lewis, S. P. (2014). Assessment of Nonsuicidal Self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury (pp. 337-351). New York: Oxford University Press.
Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2003). Deliberate self-harm in a nonclinical population: prevalence and psychological correlates. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(8), 1501-1508. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1501.
Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E, Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1183-1192. doi: 10.1017/S003329170700027X.
Madge, N., Hewitt, A., Keith, H., Jan de Wilde, E., Corcoran, P., Fekete, S., … Ystgaard, M. (2008). Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: Comparative findings from the Child Adolescent Self-Harm in Europe (CASE) Study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(6), 667-677. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01879.x.
Mathews, C. A., Waller, J., Glidden, D. V., Lowe, T. L., Herrera, L. D., Budman, C. L., … Reus, V. I. (2004). Self-injurious behavior in Tourette Syndrome: Correlates with impulsivity and impulse control. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiaty, 75, 1149-1155. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.020693.
Meltzer, H., Gatward, R., Goodman, R., & Ford, T. (2001). Children and adolescents who try to harm, hurt or kill themselves: A report of further analysis from the national survey of the mental health of children and adolescents in Great Britain in 1999. London, UK: Office for National Statistics.
Miller, D. N., & Brock, S. E. (2010). Prevalence and associated conditions. In S. E. Brock & S. R. Jimerson (Eds.), Identifying, Assessing and Treating self-injury at school (pp. 23-34). New York: Springer.
Minshawi, N. F., Hurwitz, S., Fodstad, J. C., Biebl, S., Morriss, D. H., & McDougle, C. J. (2014). The association between self-injurious behaviors and autism spectrum disorders. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 125-136. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S44635.
Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Brausch, A. M. (2012). Body regard and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1-9.
Muehlenkamp, J. J., Claes, L., Havertape, L., & Plener, P. L. (2012). International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(10), 1-9.
Muehlenkamp, J. J., Walsh, B. W., & McDade, M. (2010). Preventing non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: The Signs of Self-Injury Program. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 306-314. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9450-8.
Nixon, M. K., Cloutier, P. F, & Aggarwal, S. (2002). Affect regulation and addictive aspects of repetitive self-injury in hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1333-1341. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200211000-00015.
Nixon, M. K., & Heath, N. L. (2009). Introduction to non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. In M. K. Nixon & N. L. Heath (Eds.), Self-injury in youth: The essential guide to assessment and intervention (pp. 1–6). New York: Routledge.
Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 78-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721-2009.01613.x.
Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339-363. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258.
Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2008). Psysiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social problem solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 28-38. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.28.
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004). A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 885-890. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.885.
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2005). Contextual features and behavioral functions of self-mutilation among adolescents.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 140-146. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.140.
Nock, M. K., Wedig, M. M., Holmberg, E. B., & Hooley, J. M. (2008). The Emotion Reactivity Scale: Development, evaluation, and relation to self-injurous thoughts and behaviors. Behavior Therapy, 39, 107-116. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2007.05.005.
O’Connor, R. C., Armitage, C. J., & Gray, L. (2006). The role of clinical and social cognitive variables in parasuicide. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 465-481. doi: 10.1348/014466505X82315.
Parks, P. J. (2011). Self-injury Disorder. San Diego, California: Reference Point Press.
Peat, C. M. (2014). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. In L. Claes & J. J. Muehlemkamp (Eds.), Non-suicidal self-injury in eating disorders (pp. 105-125). New York: Springer.
Plener, P. L. & Schulze, U. M. (2014). Pharmacological treatment of non-suicidal self-injury and eating disorders. In L. Claes & J. J. Muehlemkamp (Eds.), Non-suicidal self-injury in eating disorders (pp. 197-214). New York: Springer.
Prinstein, M J., Boegers, J., & Spirito, A. (2001). Adolescents’ and their friends’ health-risk behavior: Factors that alter or add to peer influence. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 26, 287-298. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/26.5.287.
Rodham, K., & Hawton, K. (2009). Epidemiology and phenomenology of nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding non-suicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment and treatment (pp. 37-62). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Rodham, K., Hawton, K., & Evans, E. (2004). Reasons for deliberate self-harm: Comparison of self-poisoners and selfcutters in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 80-87. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000096627.64367.74.
Ross, S., & Heath, N. (2002). A study of the frequency of self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 66-77.
Sapienza, G., & Pedromônico, M. R. M. (2005). Risco, proteção e resiliência no desenvolvimento da criança e do adolescente. Psicologia em Estudo, 10(2), 209-216.
Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: Emotional cascades. Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 593-611. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.002.
Shaffer, D., & Kipp, K. (2007). Developmental psychology: childhood and adolescence. Belmont: Wadworth.
Silva, E. P. Q., & Santos, S. P. (2015). Práticas de ensino, pesquisa e extensão no âmbito do GPECS: Problematizando corpos, gêneros, sexualidades e educação escolar. Educação e Políticas em Debate, 4(2). Recuperado de http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistaeducaopoliticas/article/view/34555/18311.
Suyemoto, K. L. (1998). The functions of self-mutilation. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 531-554.
Teixeira, A. M. F., & Luis, M. A. V. (1997). Suicídio, lesões e envenenamento: Um estudo epidemiológico. Revista Latino Americana de Enfermagem 5, 31-36.
Walsh, B. W. (2006). Treating self-injury: A pratical guide. New York: Guilford Press.
Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J., Purington, A., Eckenrode, J., Barreira, P., Baral-Abrahms, G., … Knox, K. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in a college population: General trends and sex differences. Journal of American College Health, 59(8), 691-698. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2010.529626.
Whitlock, J., & Selekman, M. D. (2014). Nonsuicidal self-injury across the life span. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury (pp. 47-58). New York: Oxford University Press.
Zetterqvist, M., Lundh, L. G., Dahlström Ö., & Svedin, C. G.(2013). Prevalence and function of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a community sample of adolescentes, using suggested DSM-5 criteria for a potential NSSI disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(5), 759-773. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9712-5.
Borges, V. R., & Werlang, B. S. G. (2006). Estudo de ideação suicida em adolescentes de 13 e 19 anos. Psicologia Saúde e Doenças, 7, 195-209.
Borschman, R., Hogg, J., Philips, R., & Moran, P. (2012). Measuring self-harm in adults: A systematic review. European Psychiatry, 27, 176-180. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.04.005.
Brickman, L. J., Ammerman, B. A., Look, A. E., Berman, M. E., & McCloskey, M. S. (2014). The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and borderline personality disorder symptoms in a college sample. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 1(14), 1-8. doi: 10.1186/2051-6673-1-14.
Briere, J., & Gil, E. (1998). Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: Prevalence, correlates and functions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, 609-620. doi: 10.1037/h0080369.
Caldas, M. T., Arcoverde, R. L., Santos, T. F., Lima, M. S., Macedo, L. E. M. L., & Lima, M. C. Condutas autolesivas entre detentas da Colônia Penal Feminina do Recife. Psicologia em Estudo, 14(3), 575-582.
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of self-harm: the experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 371-394. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005.
Cheung, Y. T., Wong, P. W. C., Lee, A. M., Lam, T. H., Fan, Y. S. S., & Yip, P. S. F. (2013). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: Prevalence, co-occurrence and correlates of suicide among adolescents in Hong Kong. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48, 1133-1144. doi: 10.1007/s00127-012-0640-4.
Completo, J. M. P. S. (2014). A influência das funções intrapessoais e interpessoais na auto-injúria não suicida e na ideação suicida (Dissertação de mestrado). ISPA – Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal.
Dennis, M. S., Wakefield, P., Molloy, C., Andrews, H., & Friedman, T. (2007). A study of self-harm in older people: Mental disorder, social factors and motives. Aging and Mental Health, 11, 520-525. doi: 10.1080/13607860601086611.
Favazza, A. R. (1989). Why patients mutilate themselves. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 137-145.
Favazza, N., & Page, S. (2009). Personality style and impulsivity as determinant of suicidal subgroups. Archives of Suicide Research, 13, 31-45.
Gratz, K. L. (2001). Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 253-263. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(82)80015-4.
Guerreiro, D. F. & Sampaio, D. (2013). Comportamentos autolesivos em adolescentes: uma revisão da literatura com foco na investigação em língua portuguesa. Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Pública, 31(2), 213-222. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsp.201305.001.
Hall, S., Oliver, C., & Murphy, G. (2001). Self-injurious behavior in young children with Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43, 745-749.
Heath, N., Toste, J., & Beettam, E. (2006). “I am not well-equipped”: High school teachers’ perceptions of self-injury. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 21, 73-92. doi: 10.1177/0829573506298471.
Jacobson, C. M., & Batejan, K. (2014). Comprehensive theoretical models of nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury (pp. 308-320). New York: Oxford University Press.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Borges, G., Nock, M. K., & Wang, P. S. (2005). Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures and attempts in the United States, 1990-1992 to 2001-2003. Journal of the American Medical Associations, 293, 2487-2495. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.20.2487.
Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: Prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1981-1986. doi: 10.1017/S0033291710002497.
Klonsky, E. D., & Lewis, S. P. (2014). Assessment of Nonsuicidal Self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury (pp. 337-351). New York: Oxford University Press.
Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2003). Deliberate self-harm in a nonclinical population: prevalence and psychological correlates. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(8), 1501-1508. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1501.
Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E, Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1183-1192. doi: 10.1017/S003329170700027X.
Madge, N., Hewitt, A., Keith, H., Jan de Wilde, E., Corcoran, P., Fekete, S., … Ystgaard, M. (2008). Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: Comparative findings from the Child Adolescent Self-Harm in Europe (CASE) Study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(6), 667-677. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01879.x.
Mathews, C. A., Waller, J., Glidden, D. V., Lowe, T. L., Herrera, L. D., Budman, C. L., … Reus, V. I. (2004). Self-injurious behavior in Tourette Syndrome: Correlates with impulsivity and impulse control. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiaty, 75, 1149-1155. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.020693.
Meltzer, H., Gatward, R., Goodman, R., & Ford, T. (2001). Children and adolescents who try to harm, hurt or kill themselves: A report of further analysis from the national survey of the mental health of children and adolescents in Great Britain in 1999. London, UK: Office for National Statistics.
Miller, D. N., & Brock, S. E. (2010). Prevalence and associated conditions. In S. E. Brock & S. R. Jimerson (Eds.), Identifying, Assessing and Treating self-injury at school (pp. 23-34). New York: Springer.
Minshawi, N. F., Hurwitz, S., Fodstad, J. C., Biebl, S., Morriss, D. H., & McDougle, C. J. (2014). The association between self-injurious behaviors and autism spectrum disorders. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 125-136. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S44635.
Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Brausch, A. M. (2012). Body regard and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1-9.
Muehlenkamp, J. J., Claes, L., Havertape, L., & Plener, P. L. (2012). International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(10), 1-9.
Muehlenkamp, J. J., Walsh, B. W., & McDade, M. (2010). Preventing non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: The Signs of Self-Injury Program. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 306-314. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9450-8.
Nixon, M. K., Cloutier, P. F, & Aggarwal, S. (2002). Affect regulation and addictive aspects of repetitive self-injury in hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1333-1341. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200211000-00015.
Nixon, M. K., & Heath, N. L. (2009). Introduction to non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. In M. K. Nixon & N. L. Heath (Eds.), Self-injury in youth: The essential guide to assessment and intervention (pp. 1–6). New York: Routledge.
Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 78-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721-2009.01613.x.
Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339-363. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258.
Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2008). Psysiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social problem solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 28-38. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.28.
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004). A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 885-890. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.885.
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2005). Contextual features and behavioral functions of self-mutilation among adolescents.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 140-146. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.140.
Nock, M. K., Wedig, M. M., Holmberg, E. B., & Hooley, J. M. (2008). The Emotion Reactivity Scale: Development, evaluation, and relation to self-injurous thoughts and behaviors. Behavior Therapy, 39, 107-116. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2007.05.005.
O’Connor, R. C., Armitage, C. J., & Gray, L. (2006). The role of clinical and social cognitive variables in parasuicide. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 465-481. doi: 10.1348/014466505X82315.
Parks, P. J. (2011). Self-injury Disorder. San Diego, California: Reference Point Press.
Peat, C. M. (2014). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. In L. Claes & J. J. Muehlemkamp (Eds.), Non-suicidal self-injury in eating disorders (pp. 105-125). New York: Springer.
Plener, P. L. & Schulze, U. M. (2014). Pharmacological treatment of non-suicidal self-injury and eating disorders. In L. Claes & J. J. Muehlemkamp (Eds.), Non-suicidal self-injury in eating disorders (pp. 197-214). New York: Springer.
Prinstein, M J., Boegers, J., & Spirito, A. (2001). Adolescents’ and their friends’ health-risk behavior: Factors that alter or add to peer influence. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 26, 287-298. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/26.5.287.
Rodham, K., & Hawton, K. (2009). Epidemiology and phenomenology of nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding non-suicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment and treatment (pp. 37-62). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Rodham, K., Hawton, K., & Evans, E. (2004). Reasons for deliberate self-harm: Comparison of self-poisoners and selfcutters in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 80-87. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000096627.64367.74.
Ross, S., & Heath, N. (2002). A study of the frequency of self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 66-77.
Sapienza, G., & Pedromônico, M. R. M. (2005). Risco, proteção e resiliência no desenvolvimento da criança e do adolescente. Psicologia em Estudo, 10(2), 209-216.
Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: Emotional cascades. Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 593-611. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.002.
Shaffer, D., & Kipp, K. (2007). Developmental psychology: childhood and adolescence. Belmont: Wadworth.
Silva, E. P. Q., & Santos, S. P. (2015). Práticas de ensino, pesquisa e extensão no âmbito do GPECS: Problematizando corpos, gêneros, sexualidades e educação escolar. Educação e Políticas em Debate, 4(2). Recuperado de http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistaeducaopoliticas/article/view/34555/18311.
Suyemoto, K. L. (1998). The functions of self-mutilation. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 531-554.
Teixeira, A. M. F., & Luis, M. A. V. (1997). Suicídio, lesões e envenenamento: Um estudo epidemiológico. Revista Latino Americana de Enfermagem 5, 31-36.
Walsh, B. W. (2006). Treating self-injury: A pratical guide. New York: Guilford Press.
Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J., Purington, A., Eckenrode, J., Barreira, P., Baral-Abrahms, G., … Knox, K. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in a college population: General trends and sex differences. Journal of American College Health, 59(8), 691-698. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2010.529626.
Whitlock, J., & Selekman, M. D. (2014). Nonsuicidal self-injury across the life span. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury (pp. 47-58). New York: Oxford University Press.
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2018-04-26
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