v. 27 n. 2 (2021): O dia que mudou o mundo? O 11 de Setembro 20 anos depois
Dossiê

9/11 e a criação dos Estudos Críticos do Terrorismo: debates principais, avanços teóricos e linhas de investigação futuras

Raquel da Silva
ISCTE-IUL

Publicado 2021-09-10

Palavras-chave

  • Estudos Críticos de Terrorismo,
  • 9/11,
  • Guerra Global ao Terror,
  • Terrorismo,
  • Contraterrorismo

Como Citar

da Silva, Raquel, e Alice Martini. 2021. “9/11 E a criação Dos Estudos Críticos Do Terrorismo: Debates Principais, avanços teóricos E Linhas De investigação Futuras”. Locus: Revista De História 27 (2):9-25. https://doi.org/10.34019/2594-8296.2021.v27.33772.

Resumo

Os ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001 tiveram um impacto profundo no campo dos estudos do terrorismo. Neste artigo pretendemos traçar, em particular, o impacto desta data no estabelecimento dos Estudos Críticos do Terrorismo (ECT) como escola de pensamento. Tal esforço visa criar um “termo abrangente” para reunir acadêmicos de diversas origens, numa tentativa de fornecer uma contra narrativa para a compreensão dominante do terrorismo e do contraterrorismo. A literatura dos ECT oferece abordagens alternativas para pontos de vista centrados no estado, a-históricos e de “solução de problemas”, que estão na origem de inúmeras atrocidades cometidas, por exemplo, sob a bandeira da Guerra Global ao Terror. Este artigo explora os principais debates estimulados pela literatura dos CTS ao longo dos anos, os seus avanços mais recentes e as lacunas existentes.

Downloads

Referências

  1. Auchter, Jessica. “The Personal Is Political: Feminist Critiques of Countering Violent Extremism”. In Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges, eds. Alice Martini, Kieran Ford, and Richard Jackson, 98–115. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
  2. Baker-Beall, Christopher, Charlotte Heath-Kelly, and Lee Jarvis, Counter-Radicalisation. Critical Perspectives. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315773094.
  3. Blakeley, Ruth. State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203876510.
  4. Blakeley, Ruth. “Bringing the State Back Into Terrorism Studies”. European Political Science 6, 3 (2007): 228–35. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210139.
  5. Blakeley, Ruth, and Sam Raphael. “Understanding Western State Terrorism”. In Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies, ed. Richard Jackson. London and New York: Routledge, 2016.
  6. Borum, Randy. “Radicalization into Violent Extremism II: A Review of Conceptual Models and Empirical Research”. Journal of Strategic Security 4, 4, (2011): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.2.
  7. Breen-Smyth, Marie. “A Critical Research Agenda for the Study of Political Terror”. European Political Science 6, 3 (2007): 260–67. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210138. .
  8. Breen-Smyth, Marie. “Theorizing the ‘Suspect Community’: Counterterrorism, Security Practices and the Public Imagination”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 7, 2, (2014): 223–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2013.867714.
  9. Busher, Joel, Tufyal Choudhury, and Paul Thomas. “The Enactment of the Counter-Terrorism “Prevent Duty” in British Schools and Colleges: Beyond Reluctant Accommodation or Straightforward Policy Acceptance”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 12, 3 (2019): 440–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2019.1568853.
  10. Chomsky, Noham, and Edward Herman. The Political Economy of Human Rights, Volume I: The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism. Nottingham: Spokesman, 1979.
  11. Cuadro, Mariela. “Knowledge, Power, Subject. Constituting the Extremist/Moderate Subject”. In Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges, eds. Alice Martini, Kieran Ford, and Richard Jackson, 55–73. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
  12. Della Porta, Donatella. Clandestine Political Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139043144.
  13. Dixit, Priya, and Jacob L. Stump. Critical Methods in Terrorism Studies. London and New York: Routledge, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315777269.
  14. Dudenhoefer, Anne Lynn. “Resisting Radicalization: A Critical Analysis of the UK Prevent Duty”. Journal for Deradicalization 14 (2018): 153–91.
  15. Elshimi, Mohammed S. De-Radicalisation in the UK Prevent Strategy: Security, Identity and Religion. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315271361.
  16. Franks, Jason. ‘Rethinking the Roots of Terrorism: Beyond Orthodox Terrorism Theory—A Critical Research Agenda’. Global Society 23, 2, (2009): 153–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600820902766219.
  17. Gold-Biss, M. The Discourse on Terrorism: Political Violence and Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism 1981-1986. New York: Peter Lang, 1994.
  18. Groothuis, Sanne. “Researching Race, Racialisation, and Racism in Critical Terrorism Studies: Clarifying Conceptual Ambiguities”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 13, 4 (2020): 680–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2020.1810990.
  19. Gunning, Jeroen. “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition 42, 3 (2007): 363–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00228.x.
  20. Gunning, Jeroen. “Social Movement Theory and the Study of Terrorism”. In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, eds. Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth, and Jeroen Gunning. London: Routledge, 2009.
  21. Heath-Kelly, Charlotte. “Counter‐Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the ‘Radicalization Discourse and the UK PREVENT Strategy”. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15, 3 (2013a): 394–415. https://doi.org/ttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00489.x.
  22. Heath-Kelly, Charlotte. Politics of Violence: Militancy, International Politics, Killing in the Name. Interventions. London ; New York: Routledge, 2013b. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203727560
  23. Heath-Kelly, Charlotte, Christopher Baker-Beall, and Lee Jarvis.. ‘Introduction’. In Counter-Radicalisation. Critical Perspectives., eds. Christopher Baker-Beall, Charlotte Heath-Kelly, and Lee Jarvis. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2015.
  24. Heath-Kelly, Charlotte, and Erzsébet Strausz. ‘The Banality of Counterterrorism “after, after 9/11”? Perspectives on the Prevent Duty from the UK Health Care Sector’. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 12, 1 (2018): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2018.1494123.
  25. Herman, Edward. The Real Terror Network: Terrorism in Fact and Propaganda. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1982.
  26. Herman, Edward, and Gerry O’Sullivan. The ‘Terrorisms’ Industry: The Experts and Institutions That Shape Our View of Terror. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.
  27. Jackson, Leonie B. Islamophobia in Britain. The Making of a Muslim Enemy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
  28. Jackson, Richard. Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counterterrorism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.
  29. Jackson, Richard, Jarvis, Lee, Gunning, Jeroen, and Marie Breen-Smyth. Terrorism: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-35980-2.
  30. Jackson, Richard. ‘The Core Commitments of Critical Terrorism Studies’. European Political Science 6, 3 (2007): 244–51. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210141.
  31. Jackson, Richard. ‘Critical Terrorism Studies: An Explanation, a Defence and a Way Forward”, Paper Presented at the 3rd Annual CICA-STR International Conference, University of Ulser, Norther Ireland, 2nd - 5th September’. 2009
  32. Jackson, Richard. Confessions of a Terrorist. London: Zed Books, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350219281
  33. Jackson, Richard. “A Decade of Critical Terrorism Studies”. In Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies, Richard Jackson, London and New York: Routledge, 2016: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315813462
  34. Jackson, Richard, Breen Smyth, Marie and Jeroen Gunning. “Critical Terrorism Studies. Framing a New Research Agenda.” In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, eds. Richard Jackson, Marie Breen-Smyth, and Jeroen Gunning, 216–36. London: Routledge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203880227
  35. Jackson, Richard, Murphy, Eamonn, and Scott Poynting, eds. Contemporary State Terrorism: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, 2011.
  36. Jarvis, Lee. “The Spaces and Faces of Critical Terrorism Studies”. Security Dialogue 40, 1(2009): 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0967010608100845.
  37. Jarvis, Lee. “Critical Terrorism Studies after 9/11”. In Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies, Richard Jackson, London and New York: Routledge, 2016: 69–76.
  38. Jarvis, Lee, and Michael Lister. ‘State Terrorism Research and Critical Terrorism Studies: An Assessment’. Critical Studies on Terrorism 7, 1 (2014): 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2013.877669.
  39. Jerome, Lee. and Busher, Joel. The Prevent Duty in Education: Enactment, Impact and Implications. London: Palgrave Pivot, 2020.
  40. Kassimeris, G., ed., Playing politics with terrorism: a user’s guide. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007.
  41. King, Michael, and Donald M. Taylor. “‘The Radicalization of Homegrown Jihadists: A Review of Theoretical Models and Social Psychological Evidence”. Terrorism and Political Violence 23, 4 (2011): 602–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.587064.
  42. Kundnani, Arun. The Muslims Are Coming! Islamophobia, Extremism and the Domestic War on Terror. London: Verso, 2015.
  43. Lindahl, Sondre. 2020. ‘The End of Emancipation? CTS and Normativity’. in Alice Martini, Bringin Normativity into Critical Terorrism Studies, Abingdon: Routledge, 2020: 48-67. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003098362-4
  44. Lindahl, Sondre. A Critical Theory of Counter-terrorism. Abingdon, Routledge, 2018.
  45. Mac Ginty, Roger. “Look Who’s Talking: Terrorism, Dialogue and Conflict Transformation”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 6, 1 (2013): 216–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2013.765708.
  46. Martin, Thomas. “Governing an Unknowable Future: The Politics of Britain’s Prevent Policy”. Critical Studies on Terrorism 7, 1 (2014): 62–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2014.881200.
  47. Martin, Thomas. “Identifying Potential Terrorists: Visuality, Security and the Channel Project”. Security Dialogue 49, 4 (2018): 254–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010618770070.
  48. Martin, Thomas. Counter-Radicalization Policy and the Securing of British Identity: The Politics of Prevent. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526140098
  49. Martini, Alice. The UN and Counter-terrorism. Global Hegemonies, power, and identities. Abingdon, Routledge: 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003097693
  50. Martini, Alice. ‘Legitimizing Countering Extremism at an International Level: The Role of the United Nations Security Council’. In Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges, eds. Alice Martini, Kieran Ford, and Richard Jackson, 159–79. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136619
  51. Martini, Alice, Kieran Ford, and Richard Jackson, eds.. Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526136619.
  52. Martini, Alice. ‘Making Women Terrorists into “Jihadi Brides”: An Analysis of Media Narratives on Women Joining ISIS’. Critical Studies on Terrorism 11, 3 (2018): 458–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2018.1448204.
  53. McDonald, Matt. ‘Emancipation and Critical Terrorism Studies’. European Political Science 6 (2007): 252–59. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210142.
  54. McDonald, Matt. ‘Emancipation and Critical Terrorism Studies’. In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, edited by Richard Jackson, Marie Breen-Smyth, and Jeroen Gunning. London: Routledge, 2009: 109-123. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203880227-15.
  55. Miller, David, and Thomas Mills. ‘The Terror Experts and the Mainstream Media: The Expert Nexus and Its Dominance in the News Media’’. Critical Studies on Terrorism 2, 3 (2009): 414–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539150903306113.
  56. Mueller, John, and Mark G. Stewart. Terror, Security, and Money: Balancing the Risks, Benefits, and Costs of Homeland Security. Oxoford: Oxford University Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199795758.001.0001.
  57. Mueller, John, and Mark G. Stewart. “The Terrorism Delusion: America’s Overwrought Response to September 11.” International Security 37, no. 1 (2012): 81-110. https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00089.
  58. Neumann, Peter R. ‘The Trouble with Radicalization’. International Affairs 89, 4 (2013): 873–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12049.
  59. O’Donnell, Aislinn. ‘An Educational Response to Counter-Terrorism and Non-Violent Extremism: The Art of Making Distinctions.’ In Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges, eds. Alice Martini, Kieran Ford, and Richard Jackson, 136–55. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
  60. Onursal, Recep, and Daniel Kirkpatrick. “Is Extremism the ‘New’ Terrorism? The Convergence of ‘Extremism’ and ‘Terrorism’ in British Parliamentary Discourse”. Terrorism and Political Violence, April, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1598391.
  61. Pantazis, Christina, and Simon Pemberton. ‘From the “Old” to the “New” Suspect Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-Terrorist Legislation’. British Journal of Criminology 49, 5 (2009): 646–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp031.
  62. Pearson, Elizabeth, Emily Winterbotham, and Katherine E. Brown. Countering Violent Extremism. Making Gender Matter. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21962-8.
  63. Pettinger, Tom. ‘British Terrorism Preemption: Subjectivity and Disjuncture in Channel “de-Radicalization” Interventions’. The British Journal of Sociology, 2020, April. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12754.
  64. Ragazzi, Francesco. ‘Suspect Community or Suspect Category? The Impact of Counter-Terrorism as “Policed Multiculturalism”’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 4, 5 (2016): 724–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1121807.
  65. Reinares, Fernando. ‘Terrorism Studies Is Not a Sub-Discipline. What the Field Needs Is to Become Truly Inter-Disciplinary’. START. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses (blog). 31 October 2012. http://www.start.umd.edu/news/discussion-point-terrorism-studies-not-sub-discipline.
  66. Schmid, Alexander, and A. Jongman. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishers Company, 1988.
  67. Schmid, Alexander. ‘Radicalization, De-Radicalisation and Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review’. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague, ICCT Research Paper, 2013. https://doi.org/10.19165/2013.1.02.
  68. Silva, Raquel da. Narratives of Political Violence. Life Stories of Former Militants. Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.
  69. Sjoberg, Laura, and Caron E. Gentry. Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women’s Violence in Global Politics. London; New York; New York: Zed Books, 2007.
  70. Sjoberg, Laura, and Caron E. Gentry, eds. Women, Gender, and Terrorism. University of Georgia Press, 2011. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/10493.
  71. Skoczylis, Joshua, and Sam Andrews.. ‘A Conceptual Critique of Prevent: Can Prevent Be Saved? No, But…’. Critical Social Policy 40, 3 (2020): 350–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018319840145.
  72. Stokes, David. America’s Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. London: Zed Books, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350218444.
  73. Stump, Jacob L., and Priya Dixit. Critical Terrorism Studies. An Introduction to Research Methods. New York: Routledge, 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073575.
  74. Thornton, Amy, and Noémie Bouhana. ‘Preventing Radicalization in the UK: Expanding the Knowledge-Base on the Channel Programme’. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 13, 3 (2019): 331–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pax036.
  75. Toros, Harmonie. ‘`We Don’t Negotiate with Terrorists!’: Legitimacy and Complexity in Terrorist Conflicts’. Security Dialogue 39, 4 (2008): 407–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010608094035.
  76. Toros, Harmonie. Terrorism, Talking and Transformation. A Critical Approach. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203123508
  77. Toros, Harmonie, and Jeroen Gunning. ‘Exploring a Critical Theory Approach to Terrorism Studies’. In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, eds. by Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth, and Jeroen Gunning. London: Routledge, 2009: 87-108.
  78. Winterbotham, Emily, and Elizabeth Pearson. ‘Different Cities, Shared Stories: A Five-Country Study Challenging Assumptions Around Muslim Women and CVE Interventions’. The RUSI Journal 161, 5 (2016): 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2016.1253377.
  79. Younis, Tarek. ‘The Psychologisation of Counter-Extremism: Unpacking PREVENT’. Race & Class, 2020, 030639682095105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396820951055.
  80. Zulaika, Joseba, and William A. Douglass. Terror and Taboo: The Follies, Fables, and Faces of Terrorism. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.