COLIPHAGES AS VIRAL INDICATORS: COMPARISON BETWEEN STANDARDIZED ENUMERATION METHODS
Comparação entre métodos padronizados de enumeração
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34019/2179-3700.2022.v22.37846Keywords:
Phages, Surrogate organisms, Enteric viruses, Wastewater treatmentAbstract
This systematic literature review aimed to gather and analyse coliphage data (concentrations and removal efficiencies) obtained by the two standardized methods available, USEPA (USA) and ISO (European Union). A total of 39 research articles were considered. It was noted some difficulties to gather and compare phage data from different WWTPs and geographical regions, which could be justified by the lack of information about the methods used. It was observed that the ISO method is more commonly applied than the USEPA technique, as well as some discrepant results in terms of concentrations and removal efficiencies obtained from the two methodologies. That said, further research is recommended to compare the two phage methods.
Downloads
References
BAGGI, F.; DEMARTA, A.; PEDUZZI, R. Persistence of viral pathogens and bacteriophages during sewage treatment: lack of correlation with indicator bacteria. Research in Microbiology. v. 152. n. 8. p. 743–751, out. 2001.
BALLESTÉ, E. et al. Dynamics of crAssphage as a human source tracking marker in potentially faecally polluted environments. Water Research. v. 155. p. 233–244, mai. 2019.
BARRIOS, M. E. et al. Viral tools for detection of fecal contamination and microbial source tracking in wastewater from food industries and domestic sewage. Journal of Virological Methods. v. 262. p. 79–88, dez. 2018.
BICUDO, Bruno et al. Low voltage iron electrocoagulation as a tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater: removal of enteric pathogen indicators and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Water Research. v. 188. p. 116500. 2021.
BLANCH, A. R. et al. Integrated Analysis of Established and Novel Microbial and Chemical Methods for Microbial Source Tracking. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 72, n. 9, p. 5915–5926, set. 2006.
CHACÓN, Luz et al. A somatic coliphage threshold approach to improve the management of activated sludge wastewater treatment plant effluents in resource-limited regions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. v. 86. n. 17. p. e00616-20. 2020.
CHAUDHRY, Rabia M.; NELSON, Kara L.; DREWES. Jörg E. Mechanisms of pathogenic virus removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor. Environmental science & technology. v. 49. n. 5. p. 2815-2822. 2015
COSTÁN-LONGARES, A. et al. Microbial indicators and pathogens: Removal. relationships and predictive capabilities in water reclamation facilities. Water Research. v. 42. n. 17. p. 4439–4448, nov. 2008.
DE LUCA, G. et al. Removal of indicator bacteriophages from municipal wastewater by a full-scale membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated sludge process: Implications to water reuse. Bioresource Technology. v. 129. p. 526–531, fev. 2013.
DIAS. E.; EBDON. J.; TAYLOR. H. Estimating the concentration of viral pathogens and indicator organisms in the final effluent of wastewater treatment processes using stochastic modelling. Microbial Risk Analysis. v. 11. p. 47–56, abr. 2019.
DIAS. E.; EBDON. J.; TAYLOR. H. The application of bacteriophages as novel indicators of viral pathogens in wastewater treatment systems. Water Research. v. 129. p. 172–179, fev. 2018.
EBDON, J. E. et al. Phages of Bacteroides (GB-124): A Novel Tool for Viral Waterborne Disease Control? Environmental Science & Technology. v. 46. n. 2. p. 1163–1169. 15 dez. 2011.
EBDON, J.; MUNIESA, M.; TAYLOR, H. The application of a recently isolated strain of Bacteroides (GB-124) to identify human sources of faecal pollution in a temperate river catchment. Water Research. v. 41. n. 16. p. 3683–3690, ago. 2007.
ESPINOSA, M. F. et al. Reduction and partitioning of viral and bacterial indicators in a UASB reactor followed by high rate algal ponds treating domestic sewage. Science of The Total Environment. v. 760. p. 144309, mar. 2021.
FLANNERY, J. et al. Concentration of Norovirus during Wastewater Treatment and Its Impact on Oyster Contamination. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. v. 78. n. 9. p. 3400–3406. 24 fev. 2012.
FLANNERY, J. et al. Norovirus and FRNA bacteriophage determined by RT-qPCR and infectious FRNA bacteriophage in wastewater and oysters. Water Research. v. 47. n. 14. p. 5222–5231, set. 2013.
FRANCY, D. S. et al. Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors. conventional secondary treatment. and chlorine and UV disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters. Water research. v. 46. n. 13. p. 4164-4178. 2012.
GRABOW, W. Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water. Water SA. v. 27. n. 2. 15 abr. 2001.
HARAMOTO, E.; FUJINO. S.; OTAGIRI. M. Distinct behaviors of infectious F-specific RNA coliphage genogroups at a wastewater treatment plant. Science of The Total Environment. v. 520. p. 32–38, jul. 2015.
HARTARD, C. et al. Occurrence of and Sequence Variation among F-Specific RNA Bacteriophage Subgroups in Feces and Wastewater of Urban and Animal Origins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. v. 81. n. 18. p. 6505–6515. 15 set. 2015.
HARWOOD, V. J. et al. Performance of viruses and bacteriophages for fecal source determination in a multi-laboratory, comparative study. Water Research, v. 47, n. 18, p. 6929–6943, nov. 2013.
IAWPRC study group on health related water microbiology. Bacteriophages as model viruses in water quality controlag. Water Research. v. 25. n. 5. p. 529–545, mai. 1991.
IBRAHIM, C.; HAMMAMI. S.; HASSEN. A. Noroviruses. Sapoviruses. and Aichi Viruses Emergence in Wastewater Associated With Viral Pandemic Gastroenteritis. Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens. p. 411–441. 2020.
ISO - International Standardization Organization. 1995. Water quality. Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages. Pt. 1: Enumeration of F-specific RNA bacteriophages. ISO- 10705-1. Int. Stand. Organ. Geneva Switz.
ISO - International Standardization Organization. 2000. Water quality. Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages. Pt. 2: Enumeration of somatic coliphages. ISO-10705-2. Int. Stand. Organ. Geneva Switz.
KALIAKATSOS, Andreas et al. Efficiency of two constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment: removal of bacterial indicators and enteric viruses. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, v. 94, n. 7, p. 2123-2130, 2019.
MARTI, E. et al. Removal of microbial indicators from municipal wastewater by a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Bioresource Technology. v. 102. n. 8. p. 5004–5009, abr. 2011.
MARTI, E.; VARIATZA. E.; BALCÁZAR. J. L. Bacteriophages as a reservoir of extended-spectrum β -lactamase and fluoroquinolone resistance genes in the environment. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. v. 20. n. 7. p. O456–O459, jul. 2014.
MCMINN, B. R.; ASHBOLT, N. J.; KORAJKIC, A. Bacteriophages as indicators of faecal pollution and enteric virus removal. Letters in Applied Microbiology, v. 65, n. 1, p. 11–26, 5 jun. 2017.
MEULEMAN, A. F. M. et al. Water and mass budgets of a vertical-flow constructed wetland used for wastewater treatment. Ecological Engineering. v. 20. n. 1. p. 31–44, mar. 2003.
MOMBA, M., EDBON, J., KAMIKA, I. and VERBYLA, M. (2019). Using indicators to assess microbial treatment and disinfection efficacy. In: J.B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros, (eds) Water and Sanitation for the 21st Century: Health and Microbiological Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management (Global Water Pathogen Project). (A.Farnleitner, and A. Blanch (eds), Part 2: Indicators and Microbial Source Tracking Markers) , Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO.
MUNIESA, M. et al. Differential persistence of F-specific RNA phage subgroups hinders their use as single tracers for faecal source tracking in surface water. Water Research. v. 43. n. 6. p. 1559–1564, abr. 2009.
MUNIESA, M. et al. Use of abundance ratios of somatic coliphages and bacteriophages of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron GA17 for microbial source identification. Water Research. v. 46. n. 19. p. 6410–6418, dez. 2012.
MUNIESA, M.; JOFRE, J. Occurrence of phages infecting Escherichia coliO157:H7 carrying the Stx 2 gene in sewage from different countries. FEMS Microbiology Letters. v. 183. n. 1. p. 197–200, fev. 2000.
NASSER, A.; SASI, S.; NITZAN, Y. Coliphages as Indicators for the Microbial Quality of Treated Wastewater Effluents. Food and Environmental Virology. v. 13. n. 2. p. 170–178. 11 jan. 2021.
PLUMMER, J. D. et al. Bacterial and viral indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water. Journal AWWA. v. 106. n. 4 abr. 2014.
POMMEPUY, M. et al. Sewage impact on shellfish microbial contamination. Water Science and Technology. v. 50. n. 1. p. 117–124. 1 jul. 2004.
PURNELL, S. et al. Bacteriophage removal in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) – Implications for wastewater reuse. Water Research. v. 73. p. 109–117, abr. 2015.
PURNELL, S. et al. Removal of phages and viral pathogens in a full-scale MBR: Implications for wastewater reuse and potable water. Water Research. v. 100. p. 20–27, set. 2016.
RAMBAGS, F. et al. Bacteria and virus removal in denitrifying bioreactors: Effects of media type and age. Ecological Engineering. v. 138. p. 46–53, nov. 2019.
SÁNCHEZ-ALFONSO, A. C. et al. Microbial indicators and molecular markers used to differentiate the source of faecal pollution in the Bogotá River (Colombia). International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. v. 225. p. 113450, abr. 2020.
SAVICHTCHEVA, O.; OKABE, S. Alternative indicators of fecal pollution: Relations with pathogens and conventional indicators, current methodologies for direct pathogen monitoring and future application perspectives. Water Research, v. 40, n. 13, p. 2463–2476, jul. 2006.
SCHMITZ, B. W. et al. Reduction of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and fecal indicators by Bardenpho wastewater treatment. Environmental science & technology. v. 52. n. 12. p. 7015-7023. 2018.
SILVA, H. D.; GARCÍA-ZAPATA, M. T. A.; ANUNCIAÇÃO. C. E. Why the Use of Adenoviruses as Water Quality Virologic Marker? Food and Environmental Virology. v. 3. n. 3–4. p. 138–140. 26 out. 2011.
STEFANAKIS, A. I. et al. Presence of bacteria and bacteriophages in full-scale trickling filters and an aerated constructed wetland. Science of The Total Environment. v. 659. p. 1135–1145, abr. 2019.
THWAITES, B. J. et al. Comparing the performance of aerobic granular sludge versus conventional activated sludge for microbial log removal and effluent quality: Implications for water reuse. Water Research. v. 145. p. 442–452, nov. 2018.
USEPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency. Method 1602: Male-specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphage in Water by Single Agar Layer (SAL) Procedure. Washington: USEPA. 2001.
VENEGAS, C. et al. Microbial source markers assessment in the Bogotá River basin (Colombia). Journal of Water and Health. v. 13. n. 3. p. 801–810. 21 jan. 2015.
VIJAYAVEL, K. et al. Isolation and characterization of Bacteroides host strain HB-73 used to detect sewage specific phages in Hawaii. Water Research. v. 44. n. 12. p. 3714–3724, jun. 2010.
OMS – Organização Mundial da Saúde. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: The fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. World Health Organization. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. ISBN 978-92-4-154995-0. © World Health Organization. 2017.
WU, Z. et al. Comparative fate of CrAssphage with culturable and molecular fecal pollution indicators during activated sludge wastewater treatment. Environment International. v. 136. p. 105452, mar. 2020.
ZANETTI, F.; DE LUCA, G.; SACCHETTI, R. Performance of a full-scale membrane bioreactor system in treating municipal wastewater for reuse purposes. Bioresource Technology. v. 101. n. 10. p. 3768–3771, mai. 2010.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Elloís Rocha Ramos, Gisele Aparecida Rodrigues Kelmer, Edgard Dias
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
