Vol. 28 No. 2 (2022): Dossiê: Fascismos, 100 anos depois
Dossiê

The Origins of Chinese Fascism: The Impact of Nationalist-Communist Collaboration and the Legitimacy of the National Struggle (1927-1931)

pdf (Español (España))
  • Chiao In Chen
Chiao In Chen
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34019/2594-8296.2022.v28.37511

Published 2023-08-01

Keywords

  • Lixingshe,
  • Chiang Kai-shek,
  • Chinese Blue Shirt Society,
  • Fascismo Chinês,
  • Nationalist-Communist Collaboration

How to Cite

Chen, Chiao In. 2023. “The Origins of Chinese Fascism: The Impact of Nationalist-Communist Collaboration and the Legitimacy of the National Struggle (1927-1931)”. Locus: History Journal 28 (2):146-66. https://doi.org/10.34019/2594-8296.2022.v28.37511.

Copyright (c) 2022 Chiao In Chen

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

The most important representation of the Chinese fascist movement, also known by its original name the Rigorous Practice of the Three Principles of the People Society (or Lixingshe), it was formed at the beginning of 1932 in the nationalist regime capital in Nanjing. Those members were militaries from the Chinese nationalist revolutionary army, they shared military training at the Huangpu Military Academy during the second half of the 1920s, under the nationalists and communists collaboration. In this article, the main goal is to approach the Lixingshe members previous activities before the formation, their anticommunist trajectories, the creation of a fascistized interpretation of the “sunyatsenist” doctrines and the bond of fidelity towards the leader Chiang Kai-shek, which determined his initial path. Likewise, the article proposes to interpret the environment of the Twenties in East Asia as the necessary basis to understand the defensive and anti-imperial characteristic of Chinese fascism.

pdf (Español (España))

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Bianco, Lucien. Los orígenes de la revolución china. Barcelona, Ed. Bellaterra, 1999.
  2. Chang, Maria Hsia. The Chinese Blue Shirt Society. Fascism and Development Nationalism. Berkley: University of California, 1985.
  3. Chen, Chiao-In. “Els Camises Blaves i el feixisme xinès (1932-1938)”, Segle XX. Revista Catalana d’Història, 5 (2012): 15-36. https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/segleXX/article/view/9851
  4. Chen, Chiao-In. “Radicalización del nacionalismo chino moderno: orígenes y desarrollo del fascismo chino. El caso de las organizaciones fascistas del Guomindang: la Sociedad Lixingshe y el Movimiento de la Nueva Vida (1927-1937)”. Tesis doctoral, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 2014. https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/283384#page=1
  5. Chen, Chiao-In. “La revolución fascista china: una alternativa de defensa del país antes del estallido de la Segunda Guerra Chino-Japonesa)”. En España y China 1937-2017.80 aniversario del Internacionalismo Antifascista, Andrés Herrera, Chiao-In Chem Jesús Sayols, Montserrat Crespín, Carles Brasó, 35-53, Granada: Comares, 2017.
  6. Chiang, Kai-shek. Soviet Russia in China. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1965.
  7. Chung Dooeum. Élitist Fascim: Chiang Kai-shek’s Blueshirts in 1930s. Burlington: Ashgate, 2000.
  8. Clinton, Maggie. Revolutionary Nativism Fascism and Culture in China 1925-1937. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822373032
  9. Dai, Jitao. Sunwen Zhuyi zhi zhexue de jichu (La base filosófica de la doctrina de Sun Yat-sen). Shanghai: Minzhi, 1927.
  10. Dai, Jitao. Sanminzhuyi de Guojiaguan (El concepto de estado según los Tres Principios del Pueblo). Shanghai: Shangwu yinshu, 1928.
  11. Deng Yuanzhong. Guomindang heixinzuzhi zhengxiang. Lixingshe, fuxingshe ji lanyishe de yanbian yu chengzhang (La verdad sobre la organización central del Guomindang. Desarrollo y evolución de la Sociedad de la Práctica Rigurosa de los Tres Principios del Pueblo, la Sociedad de la Regeneración y la denominada Sociedad de los Camisas Azules). Taipéi: Lianjing, 2000.
  12. Eastman, Lloyd. “Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts”, China Quarterly, 49 (1972): .1-31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741000036481
  13. Fatica, Michele. “The Beginning and the End of the Idyllic relations between Mussolini0s Italy and Chiang Kai-shek’s China (1930-1937)” in Marinelli, Maurizio and Andornino, Giovanni. Italy0s Encounters with Modern China. Imperial Dreams, strategic ambitions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  14. Feng Qihong. Faixisi zhuyi yu sanling niandai zhongguo zhengzhi (Fascismo y política en la China de los años treinta). Taipéi: Dauciang, 1998.
  15. Gan, Guo-xun. Lanyishe, fuxingshe, lixingshe (La Sociedad de los Camisas Azules, la Sociedad de la Regeneración y la Sociedad de la Práctica Rigurosa de los Tres Principios del Pueblo). Taipéi: Zhuanji Wenxue, 1984.
  16. Grieder, Jerome B. Intellectuals and the State in Modern China. A Narrative History. New York: Free Press, 1981.
  17. Griffin, Roger. ”Decentering Comparative Fascist Studies”, Fascism. Jounal of Comparative Studies, 4 (2005): 103-118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00402003
  18. Guillermaz, Jacques. Historia del Partido Comunista Chino. Barcelona: Península, 1970.
  19. He, Zhonghan. “Guomin geming yu guojia tongyi” (La Revolución Nacional y la Unificación Nacional), Qiantu (El Futuro), 2 de enero de 1933.
  20. Horne, Gerald. Race War! White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire. New York and London: New York University Press, 2006.
  21. Jordan, Donald A. The Northern Expdition. China’s Revolution of 1926-1928. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1976.
  22. Kokubun, Ryosei. Soeya, Yoshihide. Takahara, Akio and Kawashima, Shin. Japan-China Relations in the Modern Era. London and New York: Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315229058
  23. Kirby, William. Germany and Republican China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984
  24. Lau, Zhenwu. Cong kangri dao fandu: Teng Jie koushu lishi (Desde Resistencia al Japón hasta Anti-independismo, La historia narrada por Teng Jie). Yangmei: Jingming wenhuazhongxin, 2014.
  25. Li, Lincoln. Student Nationalism in China 1924-1949. New York: State University of New York Press, 1994.
  26. Li, Yuhan. “Jieshao sunwenzhuyi xuehui jiqi youguan wenjian” (Presentación de la Asociación de Aprendizaje de la Doctrina de Sun Yat-sen y sus documentos), Jindai yanjiusuo jikan (Revista Adecémica de Estudios de Historia Contemporánea), 4 (1974): 497-522.
  27. Liu, Frederick Fiu. A Military History of Modern China, 1924-1949. New York y London: Kennikat Press, 1972.
  28. Manela, Erez. The Wilsonian Moment. Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2007.
  29. Mc Cord, Edward A. The Power of the gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  30. Mitter, Rana. China’s War with Japan, 1937-1945. London: Allen Lane, 2013.
  31. Motadel, David. Los musulmanes en la guerra de la Alemania nazi. Madrid: Alianza, 2021.
  32. Nordbruch, Götz. Nazism in Syria and Lenanon. The Ambivalence of the German option, 1933-1945. London & New York: Routledge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203888568
  33. Short, Philip. Mao. Barcelona: Crítica, 2011 [2003].
  34. Schiffrin, Harold Z. Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520351011
  35. Taylor, Jay. The Generalissimo. Chiang Kai-skek and the Struggle for Modern China. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674054714
  36. Tikhonov, Vladimir. “The controversies on Fascism in Colonial Korean in the early 1930s”, Modern Asian Studies, 46, n. 4 (2012): 975-1006. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X11000321
  37. Tikhonov, Vladimir. Modern Korea and its others. Perceptions of the neighboring countries and Korean modernity. London and New York: Routledge, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315720326
  38. Tsui, Brian. China’s Convervative Revolution. The Quest for a New Order, 1927-1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  39. Van de Ven, Hans J. From Friend to Comrade. The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920-1927. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991.
  40. Van de Ven, Hans J. War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945. London & New York: Routledge, 2011
  41. Wakeman, Frederic, Edmonds, Richard. “A Revisionist view of the Nanjing Decade. Confucian Fascism”. En Reappraising Republican China, ed. Frederic Wakeman, 141-178, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  42. Watenpaugh, Keith David. Being Modern in the middle East. Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism and the Arab Middle Class. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400866663
  43. Wilbur, C. Martin. Sun Yat-sen: Frustrated Patriot. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.
  44. Young, Louise. Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism. Berkeley. University of California Press, 1999.
  45. Fuentes consultadas
  46. Zhongguo Guomindang dang shi guan (Archivo del Guomindang). Fondos: Yiban Dangan (Documentos Generales) y Wubu dangan (Documentos de los Cinco Departamentos).