Vol. 27 No. 1 (2021): Dossier - Visions of Chinese History
Dossiê

Subordinación, separación y autonomía: Chinese protestant approaches to the relationship between Religion and State

Published 2021-05-13

Keywords

  • China,
  • Protestant,
  • Church-State relations,
  • Hong Kong

How to Cite

Pan-Chiu, Lai. 2021. “Subordinación, separación Y autonomía: Chinese Protestant Approaches to the Relationship Between Religion and State”. Locus: History Journal 27 (1):84-105. https://doi.org/10.34019/2594-8296.2021.v27.33103.

Abstract

In the history of the religion-state relationship in China, a model of subordination of religion to the state has been dominant for centuries. In recent years, some Chinese Protestant churches have advocated the model of separation of church and state. Through a historical and theological analysis, this study argues that in order to relieve the tensions between Chinese Protestantism and the contemporary Chinese government, a better conceptual alternative is to reconsider the issue in terms of autonomy rather than separation or subordination, and to argue for legally allowing the coexistence of both official and nonofficial churches and grant different degrees of autonomy to each.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Brake, Wayne P. Te. Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  2. Chang, K. C. Chang. Art, Myth, and Ritual: The Path to Political Authority in Ancient China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.
  3. Chen, Xiao-li, e Wen-ze He. “Local Religion and National Identity: A Case Investigation and Study on Mazu Belief in Guangdong-Hainan Region”. Journal of Qinzhou University, n. 9, (2013): 97-100.
  4. Ching, Julia. Chinese Religions. London: Macmillan, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22904-8
  5. Chow, Alexander. “Calvinistic Public Theology in Urban China Today”. International Journal of Public Theology, 8, n. 2 (2014): 158–75. https://doi.org/10.1163/15697320-12341340
  6. Chow, Alexander. Chinese Public Theology: Generational Shifts and Confucian Imagination in Chinese Christianity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808695.001.0001
  7. Deng Zhaoming. Cāng sāng yǔ jì jìng: sì shí duō nián lái dí sān zì ài guó yùn dòng [As vicissitudes do Movimento Patriótico Três-Eus na década de 1950 e sua situação hoje]. Hong Kong: Christian Study Centre on Chinese Religion and Culture, 1997.
  8. Fenggang, Yang. Religion in China: Survival and Renewal under Communist Rule. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012
  9. Fulton, Brent. China’s Urban Christians: A Light That Cannot Be Hidden. Eugene: Pickwick Publications, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1p5f2sm
  10. Goossaert, Vincent, e David A. Palmer. The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226304182.001.0001
  11. Hao, Yuan. “Chinese Christianity and their Tradition of Disobedience: Wang Mingdao, Tanghe Church and Shouwang Church as Examples”. Logos & Pneuma, n. 44 (2016): 87–122.
  12. Jie, Kang. House Church Christianity in China: From Rural Preachers to City Pastors. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  13. Katz, Paul. Religion in China and its Modern Fate. Waltham: Brandies University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv102bhkx
  14. Lagerwey, John. China: A Religious State. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press, 2010.
  15. Lai, Pan-chiu, ed. Jin dai Zhongguo fo jiao yu Jidu zong jiao de xiang yu [Encontro budista-cristão na China moderna]. Hong Kong: Logos & Pneuma Press, 2003.
  16. Lai, Pan-chiu, e Zhibin Xie, eds. “Public Theology in the Chinese Context,” special issue, International Journal of Public Theology 11, n. 4 (2017): 375-500. https://doi.org/10.1163/15697320-12341508
  17. Lai, Pan-chiu. “Cong Niuman kan shi su hua chu jing zhong de Jidu zong jiao” [Cristianismo no contexto da secularização: Visões da perspectiva de John Henry Newman]. In Jidu zong jiao yan jiu, di liu ji [o estudo do Cristianismo], vol. 6, ed. Zhuo, Xinping e Xu, Zhiwei, 21-41. Beijing: Religious Culture Publishing House, 2003.
  18. Lai, Pinchao (Pan-chiu Lai) e Xin Gao, Shui di zong jiao? he zhong gai ge? shi liu shi ji zong jiso gai ge di duo yuan xing yu zheng zhi xing [Religião de quem? Que reforma? Personagens pluralistas e políticos da Reforma no século XVI]. Hong Kong: Dao feng shu she, 2017.
  19. Laliberté, André. “Contemporary Issues in State-Religion Relations”. In Chinese Religious Life, eds. David A. Palmer, Glenn Shive, e Philip L. Wickeri, 191–208. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731398.003.0012
  20. Lei Básica, capítulo 6, 2017. Disponível em: http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_6.html Acessado em: 8 dez. 2020.
  21. Leung, Beatrice e Shun-hing Chan. Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2003.
  22. Liang, Jialin e, Fuzeng Xing (Ka-lun Leung and Fuk-tsang Ying). Wǔ shí nián dài sān zì yùn dòng dí yán jiū [O movimento patriótico dos Três-Eus na década de 1950]. Hong Kong: Alliance Bible Seminary, 1996.
  23. Lindberg, Carter. The European Reformations. Oxford: Blackwell, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444315776
  24. Ma, Li. Xian dai xing shi yu xia Minguo zheng fu zong jiao zheng ce yan jiu [Estudo das políticas republicanas da China sobre religiões na perspectiva moderna]. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2010.
  25. MacInnis, Donald E. Religious Policy and Practice in Communist China: A Documentary History. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
  26. Mauldin, Joshua T. “Contesting Religious Freedom: Impossibility, Normativity, and Justice”. Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, 5, n. 3 (2016): 457–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rww054
  27. Monsma, Stephen V., e J. Christopher Soper. The Challenge of Pluralism: Church and State in Five Democracies. Lanham: Roman & Littlefield, 1997.
  28. Nedostup, Rebecca. Superstitious Regimes: Religion and Politics of Chinese Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2009. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1x07x6s
  29. Qiu yu zhi fu gui zheng jiao hui [Igreja Reformada das Bençãos da Chuva de Outono], “Wo men dui jia ting jiao hui li chang de zhong shen (jiu shi wu tiao)” in Sheng ming ji kan [Life Quarterly], no. 75, Sept, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.cclifefl.org/View/Article/4248 Acessado em 19 de fev. 2020.
  30. Ren, Jie e, Ling Liang. Zhongguo de zong jiao zheng ce [Política da China sobre religião]. Beijing: Min zu chubanshe, 2006.
  31. Smith, Carl T. Chinese Christians: Elites, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005.
  32. Soothill, William Edward. The Three Religions of China, 3rd. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929.
  33. Starr, Chloë. “The Chinese Church: A Post-denominational Reality?”. In The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practice and Politics, ed. Stanley D. Brunn, 2045–58. Dordrecht: Springer, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_108
  34. Starr, Chloë. “Wang Yi and the 95 Theses of the Chinese Reformed Church”. Religions 7, n. 12 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel7120142
  35. Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers. The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
  36. Vala, Carsten T. The Politics of Protestant Church and the Party-State in China: God Above Party?. London: Routledge, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315178202
  37. Wang, Aiming. Church in China: Faith, Ethics, Structure—The Heritage of the Reformation for the Future of the Church in China. Bern: Peter Lang, 2009.
  38. Wang, Aiming. Ti zhi jiao hui yu zi you jiao hui [Igreja magisterial e igreja livre]. Hong Kong: Centre for the Study of Religion and Chinese Society, 2017.
  39. Wang, Shunda. Shen sheng zheng zhi: Zhongguo chuan tong zheng zhi de xing cheng [Divine politics: The formation of traditional Chinese politics]. Beijing: Zhongguo wen shi chubanshe, 2005.
  40. Xie, Zhibin. He yi gong gong? wei he shen xue? Han yu gong gong shen xue de hui gu yu qian zhan [Por que pública e teológica? Uma visão geral e perspectiva para a teologia pública sino-cristã], CSRCS Occasional Paper No. 25 Hong Kong: Centre for the Study of Religion and Chinese Society, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2016.
  41. Xing, Fuzeng. (Fuk-tsang Ying). Dāng dài zhōng guó zhèng jiào guān xì [Relações igreja-estado na China contemporânea]. Hong Kong: Alliance Bible Seminary, 1999.
  42. Yang, C. K. Religion in Chinese Society: A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors (1961; reeditado por Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, 1991).
  43. Yoshiko, Ashiwa, e David Wank. “Making Religion, Making the State in Modern China: An Introductory Essay”. In Making Religion, Making the State: The Politics of Religion in Modern China, ed. Yoshiko Ashiwa, e David L. Wank, 1–21. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804771139
  44. Yu, Anthony C. “On State and Religion in China”. Religion East & West, n. 3 (2003): 1-20.
  45. Yu, Anthony C. State and Religion in China: Historical and Textual Perspectives. Chicago: Open Court, 2005.
  46. Zhang, Jian. Zhongguo gu dai zheng jiao guan xi shi [História da relação estado-religião na China antiga]. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2012.
  47. Zimmerman-Liu, Teresa, e Teresa Wright. “Protestant Christianity in China, Urban and Rural: Negotiating the State and Propagating the Faith”. In The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practice and Politics, ed. Stanley D. Brunn, 2059–74. Dordrecht: Springer, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_109